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Ch. 2

Chemistry in Biology

TermDefinition
polar a molecule with an uneven distribution of electrons
adhesion force of attraction between different kinds of molecules (water sticking to other substances)
cohesion attraction between molecules of the same substance (water sticking to itself)
hydrogen bond weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom
pH scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution; a pH of 0 to 7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral, and a pH of 7 to 14 is basic
acid a compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; a solution with a pH of less than 7
base a compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; a solution with a pH of more than 7
buffer a compound that prevents sharp, sudden changes in pH
reactant elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
product elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction
chemical reaction process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals
law of conservation of matter Matter cannot be created or destroyed
enzyme protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
substrate reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction
active site restricted region where the substrate binds to the enzyme
protein macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; needed by the body for growth and repair
carbohydrate compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; type of nutrient that is the major source of energy for the body
lipid macromolecule made mostly from carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes
nucleic acid macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus
polymer molecules composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules
biomolecule/macromolecule large organic molecules that are the basis of all living things
monosaccharide monomer of carbohydrates; one sugar (glucose)
monomer small chemical unit that makes up a polymer
disaccharide two sugar molecules linked together
polysaccharide many sugars linked together (3 or more)
amino acid monomer of proteins
fatty acid/glycerol monomer of lipids
nucleotide monomer of nucleic acids; made up of a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
denature unfolding or unraveling of an enzyme in unsuitable conditions (unstable pH or temperatures too high or too low)
activation energy amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
catalyst substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
covalent bond type of bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared
induced fit a temporary change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that is force by the substrate just while the chemical reaction takes place.
carbon element on which all organic molecule are based or built on.
types of nucleic acids DNA and RNA
protein most important biomolecule; has the most functions in living things
water universal solvent; polar
peptide bond bond that holds two amino acids together
polypeptide chain of many amino acids linked together, held by peptide bonds
functions of proteins support, motion, enzymes, defense, transport, regulation
DNA and RNA types of nucleic acids
examples of lipids fats, oils, waxes, steroids, phospholipids, cholesterol
examples of carbohydrates sugars, starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin
two environmental factors that affect enzymes temperature and pH
optimal temperature for enzymes 37 degrees Celcius
optimal pH for enzymes neutral 6-8
non-polar substance with an even distribution of electrons
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