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Anatomy Lecture 6
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| any point where two bones meet | joint (articulation) |
| the science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction | arthrology |
| the study of musculoskeletal movement | kinesiology |
| an immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and becomes a single bone; they can form by ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints | bony joint (synostosis) |
| a type of joint in which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers | fibrous joints (synarthrosis) |
| a type of fibrous joint that is immobile or slightly mobile that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other; the fibers are very short and allow for little or no movement | sutures |
| the attachment of a tooth to its socket, held firmly by the periodontal ligament into the dental tissue; allows for slight tooth movement | gomphosis |
| a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by relatively long collagenous fibers; the separation between the bones and length of the fibers allow for considerable mobility | syndesmosis |
| a type of joint in which two bones are linked by cartilage | cartilaginous joints (amphiarthrosis) |
| a type of cartilaginous joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage | synchondrosis |
| a type of cartilaginous joint in which the bones are joined by fibrocartilage | symphysis |
| a type of joint that is the most structurally complex | synovial joint |
| a layer of hyaline cartilage on the facing surfaces of the two bones that make up a joint | articular cartilage |
| a narrow space between the two bones that make up a joint containing synovial fluid | articular cavity |
| a slippery lubricant, rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid which gives it a viscous slippery texture similar to raw egg white; it nourishes the articular cartilages, removes waste, and makes joint movement almost friction-free | synovial fluid |
| a connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the synovial fluid; consists of an outer fibrous capsule and inner synovial membrane | articular capsule |
| outer connective tissue layer of the joint capsule continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones | fibrous capsule |
| composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid and is populated by macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity | synovial membrane |
| sensory nerve endings that are abundantly located in joint capsules and ligaments which enable the brain to monitor limb positions and joint movements | Lamellar corpuscle |
| structures associated with a synovial joint including tendons, ligaments, and bursae | accessory structures |
| a strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone and are often the most important structures in stabilizing a joint | tendon |
| a strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another | ligament |
| fibrous sac of synovial fluid between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone/skin; functions to cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily, sometimes enhance mechanical effect of muscle by modifying direction tendon pulls | bursa |
| elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, seen especially in the hand and foot | tendon sheathe |
| fibrocartilage that grows inward from the joint capsule and forms a pad between the articulating bones; located in select synovial joints | articular disc |
| the degrees through which a joint can move; it is an important consideration when training for athletics or for clinical diagnosis and monitoring the progress of rehab; it is determined by three factors | Range of motion (ROM) |
| What are the three factors that determine range of motion? | 1. Shape of articular surfaces 2. strength of ligaments and joint capsules 3. action of the muscles and tendons |
| an imaginary line that passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement | axis of rotation |
| a measure of how much a joint is able to move within the anatomical planes of motion | degrees of freedom |
| a joint able to move within all three anatomical planes of motion | multiaxial |
| a joint able to move through only two planes of motion | biaxial |
| a joint able to move through only one plane of motion | monaxial |
| multiaxial joints in which one bone has a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cuplike socket on the other - glenohumeral joint, iliofemoral joint | Ball and Socket |
| biaxial joints in which an oval convex surface on one bone fits into a complementary-shaped depression on the other - radiocarpal joint, metacarphalangeal joint | Condylar |
| biaxial joints in which both bones have a saddle shape - trapeziometacarpal joint, sternoclavicular joint | Saddle |
| biaxial joints in which the bone surfaces are flat or only slightly concave and convex - intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, facet joints | Plane (gliding) |
| monaxial joints in which one bone has a convex surface that fits into a concave depression on the other - humeroulnar joint, tibiofemoral joint, interphalangeal joints | Hinge |
| monoaxial joints in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis - atlantoaxial joint, radioulnar joints | Pivot |
| the position of each joint while in the anatomical position | Zero position |
| a movement that decreases a joint angle in the sagittal plane | flexion |
| a movement that increases a joint angle in the sagittal plane (returns a body part to the zero position) | extension |
| a movement that extends a joint beyond the zero position | hyperextension |
| a movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane | abduction |
| a movement toward the midline of the body in the frontal plane | adduction |
| a movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane | elevation |
| a movement that lowers a body part vertically in the frontal plane | depression |
| a movement of a body part anterior in the transverse plane | protraction |
| a movement of a body part posterior in the transverse plane | retraction |
| a movement where one end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion | circumduction |
| a movement where a joint spins toward the midline of the body in the transverse plane | internal rotation (IR) |
| a movement where a joint spins away from the midline of the body in the transverse plane | external rotation (ER) |
| a forearm movement that turns the palm anteriorly; a foot movement which combines dorsiflexion, eversion, and abduction | supination |
| a forearm movement that turns the palm posteriorly; a foot movement which combines plantar flexion, inversion, and adduction | pronation |
| a spinal movement that produces forward-bending movements | spinal flexion |
| a spinal movement that produces backward bending movements to return to the zero position | spinal extension |
| a spinal movement that produces backward bending movements beyond the zero position | spinal hyperextension |
| a spinal movement that produces a tilting movement to the right or left of midline | spinal lateral flexion |
| a spinal movement that produces a twisting to the right | right rotation |
| a spinal movement that produces a twisting to the left | left rotation |
| a mandibular movement away from the midline | lateral excursion |
| a mandibular movement towards the midline returning to the zero position | medial excursion |
| a wrist movement that tilts the hand toward the little finger | ulnar flexion |
| a wrist movement that tilts the hand toward the thumb | radial flexion |
| a thumb movement that moves the thumb to touch the other fingers | opposition |
| a thumb movement that returns the thumb to the zero position | reposition |
| an ankle movement that points the food towards the shin bone | dorsiflexion |
| an ankle movement that points the foot downward | plantar flexion |
| a foot movement that tips the soles medially, toward each other | inversion |
| a foot movement that tips the soles laterally, away from each other | eversion |
| inflammation of a bursa, usually due to overuse of a joint | bursitis |
| an inflammation or irritation of a tendon | tendinitis |
| displacement of a bone from its normal position at a joint, usually accompanied by a sprain of the adjoining connective tissues. | dislocation |
| torn ligament or tendon, sometimes with damage to a meniscus or other cartilage | sprain |
| painful overstretching of a tendon or muscle without serious tissue damage | strain |
| a hereditary disease, most common in men, in which uric acid crystals accumulate in the joint and irritate the articular cartilage and synovial membrane | gout |
| a broad term embracing more than 100 types of joint rheumatism | arthritis |
| a broad term for any pain in the supportive and locomotory organs of the body, including bones, ligaments, tendons, and muscles | rheumatism |
| the most common form of arthritis; the articular cartilages soften and degenerate becoming roughened and accompanied by crepitus (crunching sounds) | osteoarthritis |
| results from an autoimmune attack against the joint tissues; begins when the body produces antibodies to fight an infection which fails to recognize the body’s own tissues; symptoms tend to flare up and subside periodically | rheumatoid arthritis |
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ryan707
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