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a change from one cell type to another such as inflammation or irritation
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term used to describe an increase in cell numbers
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Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| a change from one cell type to another such as inflammation or irritation | metaplasia |
| term used to describe an increase in cell numbers | hyperplasia |
| refers to increase in the cell size of a tissue or organ | hypertrophy |
| refers to a decrease in cell size | atrophy |
| refers to almost complete failure of development | aplasia |
| a few hours after death, we see __________; where due to lack of ATP, the actin and myosin filaments remain bonded together until the muscles begin decomposing. | rigor mortis |
| __________is a sustained, forceful muscle contraction which lacks even a partial relaxation. | tetanus |
| A________is a condition of skeletal muscle in which a sustained slight contraction is maintained. | tonus |
| _______is a response seen when stimuli are given to a muscle at short intervals so that the muscle does not have time to relax between stimuli. | summation |
| In ________microscopy, no staining is done; hence, the cells can be viewed alive. | phase contrast microscopy |
| ________microscopes can magnify up to 1000x the size of the actual specimen. | light microscopy |
| ________microscopes reveal many organelles that the light microscope does not, but the chemical and physical methods used in preparation kill the specimen. | electron microscopy |
| ____________will separate DNA fragments based on their size. Note: The largest fragment will travel the least amount of distance and the smallest will travel the greatest distance. | gel electrophoresis |
| the number of individuals in a species that can be sustained by available resources | carrying capactiy |
| __________is the location of the sperm in which mitochondria are located. | midpeice |
| _________is a glycoprotein surrounding the plasma membrane of an oocyte; this is where the sperm cell penetration first occurs. | zona pellucida |
| ______is an organelle that develops over the interior half of the head in the spermatazoa (sperm cell) of many animals. The membrane of this organelle ruptures and releases its contents that exude enzymes that act on the jelly coat and egg cell membrane. | acrosome |
| Compare the amounts of cytoplasm present in a sperm cell and and egg cell | Egg cells have considerably more cytoplasm than sperm cells (sperm cells have very little cytoplasm) |
| _______behavior precedes mating in most animals. | courtship behavior |
| a behavior type in which members help other individuals survive and reproduce, at personal cost. | self-sacrificial behavior (altruism) |
| _________behavior allows dominant hierarchies to be maintained and will inhibit other animals from attacking | appeasement behavior |
| ________behavior may or may not result in physical combat. For example, an animal stands on its legs to make itself look bigger. The individual showing higher attack motivation usually wins. | antagonistic behavior |
| Which two macromolecules are UV light very damaging to? | nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) and proteins (enzymes) |
| How did all the early animals of the earth survive before an ozone layer was put into place, with the UV being as damaging as it is? | they all stayed in the ocean, and the water somewhat shielded them from the UV rays |
| any gene that has the potential to induce cancerous transformations is called a(n)________. | oncogene |
| __________bacteria can live with or without oxygen. | facultative anaerobes |
| _________bacteria will die if they're exposed to even the slightest amounts of oxygen. | obligate anaerobes |
| what do obligate anaerobes lack that makes them so vulnerable to oxygen? | enzymes that convert free radicals into harmless substances; oxygen has a high tendency to create free radicals |
| _______channels are controlled by a substance present in the extracellular fluid to the receptor. For example, acetylcholine is the ________ that triggers a postsynaptic neuron to impulse, causing the influx of sodium ions and the rushing out of K+ ions. | ligand |
| how come amphibians do not live completely on dry land? | their reproduction depends on water |
| what three structures do amphibians have that enabled them to successfully invade land? | -lungs-legs-redesigned heart (3 chambers - 2 atria, 1 ventricle) |
| what embryological structure do amphibians lack? | amnion |
| amphibians are believed to have descended from where? | air-breathing lobe-finned fishes |
| enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of cyclic AMP into AMP | phosphodiesterase |
| enzyme that catalyzes the reaction of ATP into cyclic AMP | adenylate cyclase (integral membrane protein) |
| second messenger that activate Ca+2 ion release from the endoplasmic reticulum | IP3 |
| cyclic ______ and cyclic ______ will activate protein kinases. | AMP and GMP |
| ________is a neurotransmitter involved in the relaxation of smooth muscle. Hint: it is a gas | nitric oxide (NO) |
| sign of delta G in an endergonic reaction | positive |
| sign of delta G during an exergonic reaction | negative |
| endergonic reaction - spontaneous or not? | non-spontaneous |
| exergonic reaction - spontaneous or not? | spontaneous |
| hydrolysis of ATP, endergonic or exergonic? | exergonic (spontaneous) |
| at pH of 7, ATP is _________charged? (+ or -) | very negative |
| plants that have seeds, but they are not found inside its fruits, they are seen outside the ovum. Ex, pine trees | gymnosperms |
| plants that are the most successful of all plants in terms of number of species and number of indiiduals. Flowers, endosperm within the seeds, production of fruits that contain seeds. | angiosperms |
| in an angiosperm, following fertilization, which structure develops into the fruit? | ovary |
| ion that attaches to troponin and causes it to change shape | calcium |
| when calcium binds to troponin and changes its shape, what happens to tropomyosin | tropomyosin then changes its shape as well, causing a conformational change in the ACTIN FILAMENT |
| _____ions clear the myosin binding sites on the actin and create cross-bridges | calcium |
| Two examples of steroid hormones | testosterone and progesterone |
| example of peptide hormone that makes blood glucose levels decline | insulin |
| what does insulin bind that makes it different from other hormones? | most hormones bind directly to receptors in the nucleus.-insulin binds to its receptor that is on the outer face of the plasma membrane |
| An organism has the following genotype: HhGgLLKk. How many different GAMETES could be produced? | Use the 2^n rule, where n=number of heterozygotes. So, here n=3...2^3=8 possible gametes |
| what three main products are produced from the light reaction of photosynthesis? | -ATP produced-water is oxidized-NADP+ is reduced |
| ______are cells that will kill the body's own cells that may have been invaded by a bacteria or virus. scientists are currently using these types of cells to aid in treatment of certain cancers. | cytotoxic cell (killer T cells) |
| cytotoxic killer T cells bind to antigen-infected cells and release _________ which causes the plasma membrane to become perforated. | perforin |
| ________cells are the specific target for the virus that causes aids AIDS (HIV). | Helper T-cells |
| Interphase is the lost stage of the cell cycle. Which part (G1, S, or G2) takes the longest amount of time to occur? | G1 |
| What is produced during the G1 stage of interphase? | organelles (FE, mitochondria) |
| Which stage of the cell cycle is the shortest? | M stage (mitosis) |
| Name the organism:-has flagellum for locomotion-often have chloroplasts-live in fresh water-lack a cell wall-highly motile | Euglena |
| Name the organism:-ciliated-protozoan-unicellular-contractile vacuoles | Paramecium |
| Name the organism:-contains both male and female reproductive structures-flatworm-excretory system composed of tubular excretory canals that open to outside of body-flame cells involved in fluid secretion | Planaria |
| Name the organism:-multi-cellular-contain tentacles w/specialized stinging cells called NEMATOCYSTS-freshwater Cnidarians-reproduce asexually via budding-hermaphroditic | Hydra |
| a control mechanism that allows an entire reaction series to be shut down. Usually, the excess of a final product inhibits the first reaction in the series. | feedback inhibition |
| Evolutionary path of angiosperm, bryophytes, and gymnosperms (in order). | bryophytes-->gymnosperms-->angiosperms |
| _________is a black mold genus that spoils baked goods, despite the addition of preservatives.-an obligate parasite (depends on host for survival)-Ex. - black mold on bread | Rhizopus |
| ________is a yeast (fungus) that is involved in the infections of mucous membranes | Candida albicans |
| ________is a yeast involved in the fermentation of alcohol | Cerevisiae |
| ________are the spore-producing and spore containing reproductive structures of many plants. | Sporangia |
| list six types of plants in which sporangia can be found. | -ferns-angiosperms-gymnosperms-algae-fungi-bryophytes |
| _________is a reproductive method in which individuals develop into a full-blown adult without fertilization. | parthenogenesis |
| example of parthenogenesis | male honeybees |
| A colorblind male wishes to have a child. The man's mother was a carrier, and the man's father was colorblind. If this man has a child w/ a normal female, what is the probability a male child will be colorblind. | 0% - do a punnett |
| artery_______increases blood pressure, while artery_______decreases blood pressure. | constrictiondilation |
| _______carry blood high in O2, while __________carry blood low in O2 | arteriesveins |
| There is an exception to arteries having high O2 and veins having low O2. What is the exception? | -pulmonary veins-high in O2-pulmonary arteries - low in O2 |
| walls of veins or arteries is thinner? | Arteries - thick wallsVeins - thin walls |
| name the three layers of veins/arteries going from inside out. | -tunica intima-tunica media-tunica externa |
| Where does blood move slowest and why?A) VeinsB) CapillariesC) ArteriesD) Pulmonary Veins | B)-capillaries; because the capillaries have the greatest cross-sectional area |
| ______nerves cause the muscle fibers in the diaphragm to contract and move downward. | phrenic nerves |
| When the size of the thoracic cavity increases (volume), what happens to the pressure (internal)? | Internal pressure decreases |
| Amphibians exhibit positive/negative pressure breathing? | Positive - with nostrils and mouth closes, the floor of the oral cavity is forced up, forcing air down into the lungs |
| Humans/Mammals exhibit positive/negative pressure breathing? | Negative - contraction of diaphragm |
| Name the type of organism:-cows, sheep, deer-have stomach with alkaline pH-stomach w/4 chambers is capable of digesting cellulose-digestive tract harbors bacteria and protozoa that can break the cellulose down into glucose | Ruminants |
| Why can't humans breakdown cellulose? | Humans do not have cellulose (beta sugar) digesting enzymes |
| Main role of prostate gland | to neutralize acidic vaginal secretions; the sperm cell is unable to survive in a highly acidic environment.-also, the seminal fluid is neutralized since it is acidic as well due to metabolic waste produced by sperm cells |
| Which part of the male reproductive system is sperm relatively immobile and why? | -epididymis - acidic |
| Name the phylum given the following characteristics:-open circulatory system-bilateral symmetry-exoskeleton | Arthropods |
| strongest bone of the face | mandible |
| spinal cord passage opening at lower base of skull | foramen magnum |
| low and upper jaw attachment | TMJ (tempromandibular joint) |
| basic term used to describe and opening through which nerves are allowed to pass through | foramen |
| What do amino acids look like at acidic pH?neutral pH?basic pH? | Acidic - overall plus chargeNeutral - charges all balance to =0Basic - overall charge will be negative |
| What two things remain constant during action potential? | -Speed-AmplitudeBUT, as stimulus intensity increases, so does the number of action potentials*push on chin example |
| __________is a plant-like protist that can be seen swimming in a pond.-a spinning colony of green-colored cells that range from a few hundred to several thousand is observed | Volvox |
| -unicellular protozoa-ciliated-contractile vacuoles | Paramecium |
| -a fungi that releases tiny spores into the air-multicellular filaments called hyphae-colonies of branching hyphae are called mycelium | mold |
| three divisions of mold | -zygomycota-deuteromycota-ascomycota |
| what are microscopic fungi?what are visible fungi? | -yeasts-molds |
| a single-celled protist that moves by pseudopodia-interior contents enclosed by a cell membrane-no definite shape-reproduce asexually via mitosis and cytokinesis-contractile vacuole and one or more nuclei | Amoeba |
| ________is when the chromosome fail to separate in meiotic cell divisions. A cell will either have NO chromosome or it will have double the normal amount | Nondisjunction-no separation of homologous during prophase I of meiosis I-no separation of sister chromatids during prophase II of meiosis II-or could occur in mitosis |
| Give some examples of nondisjunction | -Down's syndrome (trisomy 21)-Triple X -Kleinfelter's - XXY-Turner's - X - monosomy X female |
| _______is a cartilagenous rod that extends from the head to the tail in the embryo of ALL chordates | notochord |
| The notochord is derived from which of the three germ layers? | Mesoderm |
| what's the main difference in spermatogenesis and oogenesis in vertebrates? | spermatogenesis - produces 4 functional sperm cellsoogenesis - produces one functional ovum (egg)-spermatogenesis continues from puberty until death-oogenesis begins at birth and ends at menstruation; only a limited number of ova are produced |
| ________conditioning is when an animal learns to associate a voluntary activity with the consequences that follow | Operant Conditioning(reinforcement) |
| when an animal is exposed to a specific stimulus in its early development and forms an association with this stimulus. | Imprinting |
| a dog barking scares a child, over time the child learns to become less scared of the barking dog. this is an example of ________. | Habituation |
| Order the timeline of the following:-reptiles-proboints-prokaryotes-eukaryotes-amphibians-reptiles-primates | Proboints>prokaryotes>eukaryotes>amphibians>reptiles>primates |
| As the diameter of a nerve fiber increases, we ________electrical resistance, and speed __________. | decrease electrical resistanceincrease speed |
| When administering Novocain (or any local anesthetic), what prevents an action potential (feeling/sensation) from occuring? | The anesthetic blocks off sodium voltage-gated ion channels |
| Do exons or introns get spliced? Which get translated into proteins? | Exons - translated into proteinsIntrons - spliced out, do not get translated |
| phenomenon that occurs when one gene pair masks or modifies the expression of another gene pair | epistasis-mice coloring-polydactyl-ABO blood group |
| one single gene exerts many effects on several different phenotypic characteristics. | pleiotrophy |
| insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas undergo cellular death in diabetes. this is an example of __________. | apoptosis |
| two suitable vectors for recombinant DNA cloning can be? | -plasmids-bacteriophages |
| the site on DNA at which RNA polymerase binds to initiate transcription | promoter site |
| when a plasmid becomes incorporated into a chromosome, it becomes a _______ | episome |
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