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| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| meiosis | Process in which nucleus of a cell completes two successive divisions that produce four nuclei, each w/ a chromosome # that is half the # of chromosomes of the original cell. |
| spores | Haploid cells that later lead to the production of gametes also; a diploid cell that undergoes meiosis produces four haploid cells |
| crossing over | Exchange of reciprocal segments of DNA while paired up in the beginning of meiosis |
| reduction division | In meiosis: the reduction of chromosomes (by half) when the cytoplasm divides |
| genetic recombination | Rearrangement if genetic material |
| meiosis I | Homologous chromosomes separate into two cells |
| Meiosis II | The 2 chromatides of each chromosome separate into 2 haploid cells |
| covalent bond | A chemical bond when 2 atoms share electrons |
| ionic bond | A chemical bond when electrons are lost or gained |
| DNA | A large important molecule that transfers information from one generation to the next |
| nucleic acid | A macromolecule found in the nucleus of the cell |
| chemical reaction | A process where chemical bonds are broken and new substances form |
| chemical reaction | A process where chemical bonds are broken and new substances form |
| enzyme | A special protein that speeds up chemical reactions |
| solution | A uniform mixture of 2 or more substances |
| carbohydrate | Has a ratio of C to H to O in a 1:2:1 mixture |
| protein | Made from amino acids |
| polymers | Many monomers link to form |
| monosaccharide | One sugar -- or a simple sugar |
| lipids | Organic compounds that include fats and steroids |
| pH | Percent of hydrogen ions found in a solution |
| proton | Positively charged atomic particle |
| monomers | Small building block molecules |
| atomic number | Tells the number of protons in an atom |
| solvent | The dissolving substance in a solution |
| protein | The macromolecule that supplies material and structure |
| electron | The negative part of the atom |
| Anabolic Pathway | Consumes energy to make complicated molecules from simpler ones: making proteins from amino acids |
| Catabolic Pathways | Breaking down complicated molecules to simpler ones--cellular respiration |
| Is anabolic pathway endothermic or exothermic? | Endothermic |
| Is catabolic pathway endothermic or exothermic? | Exothermic |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy of motion |
| Potential energy | Energy that is available to do work, and is based on location and structure--it is the energy stored by matter |
| Give an example of Heat or Thermal Energy | random movement of atoms |
| Give an example of chemical energy | The break down of food |
| Energy | ability to rearrange a collection of matter |
| Free Energy: | measures a system’s instability--its tendancy to change to a more stable state |
| Because a system has less free energy in its final state, will it be more likely or less likely to change at that point? | Less likely |
| What is the relationship between free energy and stability? | As free energy decreases, stability increases |
| Complicated sugar molecules | Want to be broken down into simpler, stable molecules |
| As a reaction proceeds toward equilibrium, what happens to the free energy of products and reactants? | They decrease |
| Stability: | Less free energy, doesn’t want to change, broken down |
| Equillibrium: | Systems naturally want to decrease in free energy to become more stable and decrease work capacity |
| Exergonic Reaction; | Where energy is released |
| Endergonic reaction: | Where energy is gained |
| Reactions in a closed system are eventually going to reach | Equilibrium |
| Chemical reactions of metabolism are and they would reach if they occurred in the isolation of a test tube | Reversible; equilibrium |
| At equilibrium, is the cell able to or unable to do work? | Unable to do work, so it’s dead |
| A cell is an open or closed system? | An open system |
| What are the three functions of ATP? | Transport work, mechanical work, and chemical work |
| What is important to note about catabolic pathways? | Reactions products provide the power of the next reaction; a series or reactions |
| Give an example of each of the three types of work that ATP must perform | Mechanical: Beating of cilia, contraction of muscle cells Transport Work: Pumping substances across membrane Chemical Work: Pushing energetic reactions--synthesis of polymers |
| Energy Coupling: How fast does ATP act in this case? | Using an exothermic process to drive an endothermic process. ATP is an immediate source of energy |
| The structure of ATP contains...what? | A ribose sugar (like pentose, so it’s the lone ring), three phosphate groups, and the nitrogenous base adenine |
| Hydrolysis: (What kind of a reaction is this?) | Allows the bonds between the three phosphate groups to be broken to exothermically force a phosphate to leave |
| When, with respect to ATP, can you be certain a reaction is spontaneous? | When ATP is involved |
| How is ATP able to perform work? | With the help of enzymes, the cell couples the energy of ATP to endothermic processes through the breaking of the phosphate bonds |
Created by:
re_ces90
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