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Alimentary canal
Parts of the alimentary canal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The mouth | Ingestion Food is broken down by teeth chewing it Mixed with saliva - amylase |
| Types of teeth | Incisor - cutting Canine - tearing Pre-molar - chewing Molar - chewing |
| Dental formula | I 2/2: C 1/1: p 2/2: m 3/3 |
| Oesophagus | Tube that connects the mouth to the stomach |
| Ball of chewed food | Bolus |
| Peristalsis | A wave of involuntary muscular contractions |
| Epiglottis | A flap of tissue covering the windpipe to prevent food going down the wrong way |
| The stomach | Food stays for 2-4 hours Physical breakdown from churning Food turns into chyme Contains hydrochloric acid Layer of mucus protects the stomach |
| Hydrochloric acid | Kills bacteria Turns pepsinogen to pepsin |
| Make up of the small intestine What organs secrete | Made up of the duodenum and the ileum. The liver and pancreas secrete into the duodenum |
| Duodenum | Opening of the small intestine |
| Ileum | Main area of absorption 6m - large surface area for absorption Villi - one cell thick |
| Villi | Finger like projections that increase surface area Once cell thick - easy for substances to move across |
| Describe the wall of the villus | Thin and surrounded by many bloodvessels |
| What substances move across the wall of the villus and into thr blood? | Glucose and amino acids |
| How are glucose and amino acids carried into the liver? | Through the hepatic portal vein |
| What is the lacteal? | A tubule in the centre of each villus, lymph vessel Carries larger fatty acids and glycerol |
| How does fatty acids and glycerol reach the main bloodstream after passing through the lacteal? | They are carried in lymph and entered into the main bloodstream in the neck |
| What is the main bloodstream in the neck called? | Subclavian veins |
| Main functions of the liver | Largest gland in the body Secretes bile |
| What bile is made up of Function for chyme | Sodium hydrogen carbonate Neutralises the acidic chyme - changes pH from 1 to about 9 |
| Function of bile salts | Emulsify and breakdown fat |
| Other functions of the liver | Stores glycogen Detoxifies blood Deamination of excess protein |
| Function of the pancreas | Produces insulin Produces digestive enzymes |
| What digestive enzymes does the pancreas produce? | Amylase (Converts starch to maltose) Protease Lipase |
| Large intestine main functions | Reabsorbs water Egestion |
| What bacteria is present in the large intestine? | Symbiotic bacteria |
| Functions of symbiotic bacteria | Produce vitamin B and K Prevent pathogenic bacteria taking over the large intestine |
| Secondary parts of the large intestine | The caecum The appendix |
| The appendix | Said to be a vestigial organ Now used to store good bacteria |
| Rectum function | Stores faeces |
| Anus function | Faeces exit the body (peristalsis) |
| Benefits of fibre | Prevents constipation Helps prevent bowel cancer |
| Amylase Production site, site of action, substrate, products, pH | Salivary glands, pancreas Mouth, duodenum Starch Maltose 7-9 |
| Pepsin /protease Production site, site of action, substrate, products, pH | Stomach lining Stomach Protein Peptides 2 |
| Lipase Production site, site of action, substrate, products, pH | Pancreas Duodenum Lipids (Triglycerides) Glycerol, fatty acids 7-9 |
| Bile salts Production site, site of action, substrate, products | Liver Duodenum Lipids Lipid droplets |
| Cause of reduced intestinal bacteria | Antibiotics Diarrhoea |
Created by:
EObrienHart
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