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Biology Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cells were first seen in the mid-1600s, when the English scientist _____________ built a microscope that he used to observe thin sections of dried cork tissue derived from plants | Robert Hooke |
| What's the cell theory | -All organisms are made up of cells. - The cell is the fundamental unit of life. -Cells come from preexisting cells. |
| When scientists say that the cell is the fundamental unit of life, they are saying that the cell is the smallest, most.... | basic entity that has all of the features of life. |
| DNA is the genetic material in all cells that | stores and transmits information. |
| All cells maintain | homeostasis, store and transmit information, and transfer energy |
| On the contrary, there is an active and dynamic interplay between cells and their surroundings that plays out at the cell membrane. All cells must | continually acquire and exchange ions and the building blocks required to build macromolecules from their surroundings. |
| The environment outside the cell is constantly | changing |
| In contrast, the internal environment of a cell is much more stable. In fact, the inside of a cell operates within a narrow window of conditions, such as a particular | pH range and salt concentration |
| These conditions are important for______________________________, which occur efficiently only within a narrow range of conditions. | chemical reactions, protein folding, and other cellular functions |
| The cell membrane actively maintains the __________ inside a cell so they remain _________ with life. | conditions, compatible |
| The active maintenance of stable internal conditions is called | homeostasis |
| Homeostasis is important not just for individual cells but also for the body as a whole in | multicellular organisms |
| Many physiological parameters are maintained in a narrow range, including temperature, ________________ | heart rate, blood pressure, blood sugar, blood pH, and water content |
| homeostasis is an ------- process | active |
| All cells have a stable archive or library of information that encodes and helps determine their | physical features |
| organisms have an accessible and reliable archive of information that helps determine their structure and function. This information is not only stored and used, but also passed on to | daughter cells |
| To reproduce, cells must be able to copy their archive of information . | rapidly and accurately |
| In all organisms, the information archive is | deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA |
| To make proteins, the information in DNA is first used to guide the synthesis of a closely related molecule called | ribonucleic acid, or RNA |
| The information in RNA is then used to direct the synthesis of a | protein |
| Protein synthesis requires many components, but a key one is the | ribosome |
| a complex structure that is the site where the protein is assembled | ribosome |
| the ribosome is the place that translates the language of RNA, which is a sequence of nucleotides, into the language of | proteins, which is a sequence of amino acids. |
| Ribosomes consist of a small subunit and a large subunit, each composed of | 1 to 3 types of ribosomal RNAs and 20 to 50 types of ribosomal proteins. |
| The pathway from DNA to RNA to protein is known as the central ----- of molecular biology | dogma |
| describes the entire set of chemical reactions by which cells transfer energy from one form to another and build and break down molecules. | metabolism |
| Regardless of their source of energy, all organisms use chemical reactions to break down molecules, in the process releasing energy that is stored in a chemical form called | adenosine triphosphate, or ATP |
| Metabolism is divided into two branches: | catabolism and anabolism. |
| the set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units and, in the process, release energy in the form of ATP and heat. | catabolism |
| the set of chemical reactions that build molecules from smaller units and require an input of energy, usually in the form of ATP. | anabolism |
| Primary structure determines how a protein folds into its final | shape, or tertiary structure. |
| this genetic material is housed in a membrane-bound space called the | nucleus |
| the nucleus occupies a discrete space within the cell, separate from the space outside the nucleus, called the | cytoplasm |
| bacteria and Archaea are ________, ________ cells because they have no | prokaryotes, single, nucleus |
| Eukaryotic organisms exist as | single and multicellular |
Created by:
biancer
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