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Exam #2 Pysio
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| photoreceptors | located on the retina in the back of the eye; contains rods and cones |
| rods | sensitive to low intensity light, more numerous |
| cones | sensitive to high intensity light; in fovea to provide acuity and color |
| Photoreceptor layer | breaks down molecules of photopigment into opsin (protein) and retinal lipids |
| ganglion layer | sends messages to the brain via axons through the optic nerve |
| glutamate | primary neurotransmitter in vision |
| From eye to brain | axons of retinal ganglion cells - optic nerve - optic chiasm - dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus - primary visual cortex in occipital lobe - extrastriate cortex |
| dorsal stream | where is it |
| ventral stream | what is it |
| magnocellular layer | sensitive to movement and depth perception |
| parvocellular layer | receive information from red and green cones |
| koniocellular sublayer | received information from blue cones |
| simple cells | excite at one point in receptive field but inhibit when stimulus changes orientation |
| complex cells | excite at one point but continues to respond at stimulus change |
| cerebral achromatopsia | vision without color; damage to V8 area of visual association cortex |
| visual agnosia | inability to perceive or a identify a stimulus |
| apperceptive | failure to perceive when vision is normal |
| associative | inability to verbally identify object perceived visually but could be drawn or matched |
| prosopagnosia | inability to recognize faces (fusiform facial area) |
| akinetopsia | inability to perceive movement |
| auditory processing disorder | impairment of auditory perception but hearing may be fine |
| amusia | inability to detect, recognize, or repeat musical notes |
| organ of corti | receptive organ in the cochlea; basilar membrane, hair cells, and tectorial membrane. Pressure causes basilar membrane and tectorial membrane to move laterally, causing the hair to pull and generate membrane potentials |
| insertional plaques | where a receptor potential is generated |
| from ear to brain | inner hair cell - cochlear nerve - cochlear nucleus of medulla - superior olivary complex - lateral lemniscus - inferior colliculus - medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus - auditory cortex |
| anterior stream | analyze complex sounds |
| posterior stream | sound localization |
| semicircular canals | receptors that respond to changes in the rotation of the head |
| vestibular sacs | receptor organs in inner ear that respond to head's orientation |
| cilia | embedded in gelatinous substance with calcium carbonate crystals |
| To the brain | hair cells - bipolar neurons - vestibular nerve - vestibular nuclei - medulla, cerebellum, pons, spinal cord, temporal cortex, cranial nerves that control eye movements |
| Somatosensory | sensory receptors associated with touch are located in skin, muscles, and internal organs |
| somatosensory pathway | CNS through spinal nerves - dorsal root ganglion - medulla - medial lemniscus of midbrain - ventral posterior mucleus of thalamus - primary, secondary, and association cortexes |
| pain | sensory receptors in free nerve endings on the skin |
| mechanoceptors | sensitive to intense pain |
| TRPV1 receptors | sensitive to heat & acid |
| p2X3 receptors | sensitive to ATP and damaged muscles |
| insular cortex | between temporal and frontal lobe; integrate sensory, cognitive, and emotional experiences regarding pain |
| anterior cingulate cortex | negative emotions of pain |
| ventromedial prefrontal cortex | integration and perception of pain signals |
| somatotopic organization | specific parts and movements of the body are represented by specific regions of the brain; not always proportionate |
| primary motor cortex | organized in particular parts and movements; stimulation of different zones causes different actions |
| supplementary motor area | learning and performing sequential behaviors; responds to internal stimuli; coordinates bilateral movement |
| premotor cortex | learn and perform in response to external stimuli, auditory cues, direction from others, and imitation |
| cerebellum | output extends to every major motor structure of the brain; posture, balance, fluidity of movement, timing of rapid movements |
| reticular formation | regulates muscle tone, controls posture and locomotion, control of certain movements of face and hands |
| basal ganglia | includes caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus; controls movement while processing sensory information that impacts movement; habit formation, learning, motivation, and emotion |
| apraxia | disorder causing difficulty carrying out purposeful actions without paralysis or muscle weakness |
| constructional apraxia | difficulty drawing or constructing objects; geometrical relationships and spatial awareness |
| limb apraxia | movement of the wrong part, incorrect movement of the correct part, or correct movement in the wrong order |
| dyspraxia | difficulty planning, organizing, and coordinating complex motor behavior |
| oral apraxia | problems with muscles used in speech |
| apraxia agraphia | writing deficit |
| stage 1 sleep | transition between wakefulness and sleep; low-amplitude alpha and theta waves; lasts a few minutes; may see pictures but not true dreaming |
| wakefulness | alert attentiveness |
| beta waves | active thinking; irregular patterns |
| alpha waves | rest or transition to sleep; medium frequency |
| stage 2 sleep | slower, more regular theta waves, periodic sleep spindles and k-complexes |
| sleep spindles and k-complexes | high frequency and high amplitude bursts |
| stage 3 sleep | deepest stage of sleep; slow and regular delta waves; least receptive to outside stimulation |
| REM (rapid eye movement) | where dreaming occurs; brain waves similar to being awake; includes eye movements, increased HR, BP, and breathing; body paralysis |
| sleep pattern | about a 90 minute cycle; first half of the night is shorter REM and more deep sleep; second half of the night is longer REM and less deep sleep. More REM occurs in infancy |
| circadian rhythm | 24-hr cycle that humans and animals operate on that is guided by internal and external forces |
| internal | suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus |
| external | light/dark, eating |
| melatonin | released by pineal gland in response to darkness; inhibited by light |
| adenosine | neuromodulator produced as the brain metabolizes glycogen; increases delta waves; caffeine blocks adenosine receptors |
| acetylcholine | increase cortical activity; facilitate REM |
| norepinephrine | promote arousal and vigilance |
| serotonin | increase cortical activity; low during REM |
| histamine and orexin | wakefulness |
| ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA) | located in the anterior hypothalamus; inhibits cortical areas that cause arousal |
| suprachiasmatic nucleus | area of hypothalamus on top of the optic chiasm; promotes biological control of circadian rhythms; direct neural connection to vlPOA; secretes melopsin |
| roles of sleep | restoration of the body; consolidation of memory |
| effects of sleep deprivation | weariness, irritability, decreased concentration, decreased speed of processing, loss of creativity |
| mirror neurons | in ventral premotor cortex and inferior parietal cortex; respond to physical movement and seeing another person make that same movement; fires the same way as if you were doing the action. |
Created by:
zoedinius
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