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Bio Test Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All Cells Have: | Plasma membrane, chromosomes, cytosol, and ribosomes |
| Chromosomes: | Carry Genes |
| Plasma Membrane: | Separates outside cell from inside, made up of a phospholipid bilayer |
| Cytosol: | Semi fluid substance, part of the cytoplasm |
| Ribosomes: | Synthesize proteins, read mRNA then translate into amino acids. 2 locations: cytosol and surface of endoplasmic reticulum |
| Prokaryotic cells: | No nucleus, nucleoid, no membrane bound organisms, cytoplasm bound by plasma membrane |
| Nucleoid: | DNA Center, unbound region |
| Eukaryotic cells: | Nucleus bound by monotonous nuclear envelope, DNA in nucleus, membrane bound organelles, cytoplasm, plasma membrane (selective barrier), phospholipid bilayer |
| Nucleus: | Contains most of cell’s genes, nuclear envelope encloses it, double membrane (lipid bilayers) |
| Endomembrane system in a eukaryotic cell: | Made up of nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, plasma membrane Modifies, package and transport protein and lipids |
| ER: | Network of membranes within a eukaryotic cell. Consists of Smooth and Rough ER |
| Smooth ER: | Lack ribosomes, makes lipids, detoxifies cell, stores calcium ions |
| Rough ER: | Covered in ribosomes, makes glycoproteins Produces transport vesicles and synthesizes glycoproteins |
| Glogi apparatus: | Stacked membranes called cisternae Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins outside the cell |
| Lysosomes: | Consists of enzymes, breaks down proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acid. Digests macromolecules |
| Vaccoles: | Components of the endomembrane system, found in plants and animals. |
| Mitochondria: | Site of cellular respiration, generates ATP, found in Eukaryotic cells |
| Chloroplasts or the “factory”: | Found in plants/algae, site of photosynthesis, converts energy from sunlight->fix carbon->generates glucose 2 membranes (envelope) Internal soluble compartment: stroma Internal Thylakoid membrane contain chlorophyll, which form grama |
| Endosymbiotic Theory: | The mitochondria and chloroplasts are not a part of the endomembrane system and are derived from prokaryotes. They are similar to bacteria (contain free ribosomes and circular DNA molecules) |
| Cytoskeleton: | Network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm 3 structures: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments |
| Microtubules: | Found in the cytoskeleton, hollow rod shaped, help cells maintain shape and structure and guides movement |
| Microfilaments: | Protein filaments in cytoplasm that form cytoskeleton and maintain shape |
| Intermediate Filaments: | Form elaborate network in cytoskeleton, extend ring surrounding nucleus to plasma membrane |
| Cell Wall: | Primary wall, middle lamella, secondary wall (animals have ECM) |
| Plasmodesmata: | Channels that perforate plant cell wall |
| Cell Connections/Junctions: | Plasmodesmata, tight junctions (water tight), gap junctions, desmosomes 3 in animals, 1 in plants (plasmodesmata) |
| Desmosomes: | A cell junction found in animals, holds cells, strong and flexible |
| Membrane Proteins and their Functions: | Transport cells, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining, attachment to cytoskeleton and EMC |
| Hydrophobic vs Hydrophilic (polar) molecules: | Hydro: molecules pass through easily Polar: don't cross easily |
| Membranes are held together by: | Hydrophobic interactions |
| Fluid mosaic model: | Membrane that’s fluid structure, proteins embedded |
| Peripheral proteins: | Membrane protein, bound to the surface of a membrane |
| Integral protein: | Membrane protein, penetrate hydrophobic core, embedded in membrane |
| Transmembrane protein: | Integral protein, spans entire membrane (act as a gateway) |
| Semi-Permeable Phospholipid Bi-layer | Cell membrane structure, composed of 2 layers of phospholipid molecules, allows certain substances to pass and blocks others |
| Carrier proteins: | Binds molecules, changes shape and shuffles around |
| Channel proteins: | Corridors, allowing specific molecules to pass |
| Enzymes: | Speed up chemical reactions, catalyst protein, lower activation energy |
| Receptor: | A molecule inside or on the surface of a cell that binds to a specific substance and causes a specific effect in the cell. |
| Metabolism: | All the chemical processes going on continuously inside your body that allow life and normal functioning |
| Metabolic pathways: | Begins with specific molecule, ends with product |
| Catabolic pathways: | Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler ones |
| Anabolic pathways: | Consumes energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones |
| Thermodynamics: | Study of transformations of heat, work, temp, and energy |
| Exergonic reaction: | Breaking down, free, released energy |
| Endergonic reaction: | Cost energy, absorbs, “rolling uphill” |
| Anaerobic respiration: | Doesn’t consume O2 |
| Aerobic respiration: | Consumes 02, produces ATP |
| Cellular respiration: | Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, specific to aerobic. Creates energy from food and 02 NADP, catabolic |
| Redox Reaction: | Transfer electrons between reactant |
| Oxidation: | Substance loses electrons |
| Reduction: | Substance gains electron |
| NAD+ | Oxidizing agent |
| NADH | Reduced form, passes high energy electrons |
| Stages of cellular respiration: | glycolysis->pyruvate oxidation/citric acid cycle->oxidative phosphorylation |
| Glycolysis: | Breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate, doesn’t need O2 |
| Pyruvate Oxidation/citric acid cycle: | Completes break down of pyruvate and takes energy |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation: | Most ATP synthesis generated, ADP gaining a phosphate |
| Electron Support Chain | Located in mitochondrial membrane, includes proteins, electron carriers alternate between reduced, oxidized states (stair analogy, releasing energy) |
| Chemiosmosis: | Energy released during electron transfer to pump H+, use of energy in our H+ gradient to drive cellular work ATP synthase |
| Photosynthesis: | Occurs in chloroplasts- anabolic and uses NADP Transfer of light energy to chemical energy, drives biosphere |
| 2 Stages of photosynthesis: | Light Reaction and Calvin Cycle |
| Light Reaction: | First step of photosynthesis, convert solar energy to chemical energy of ATP and NADPH |
| Calvin Cycle: | Uses chemical energy of ATP and NADPH to reduce CO2 to sugar |
| Photosystem: | Protein charges up energy |
| Cyclic electron flow: | Produces ATP without synthesis of NADPH |
| Cell Signaling: | Reception->Transduction->Response (signals called ligands) |
| Chloroplasts vs Mitochondria | Mitochondria uses cellular respiration to produce ATP Chloroplasts use light energy |
| Receiving: | Target cell detects a molecule binding to a receptor at the cell surface |
| Response: | Transduced signal triggers a specific response |
| Transduction: | Reception of the signal causes the receptor to initiate signal transduction pathways |
| Water signaling | Water soluble ligand stops at the membrane, (ex-adrenaline)- can be amplified |
| Lipid signaling | Lipid soluble ligand stops at the nucleus (ex-testosterone) |
| Significance of cell communication | Essential for both unicellular and multicellular organisms |
Created by:
blueday
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