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Unit 4 DNA & Cells

TermDefinition
DNA Replication molecule. the process of producing two identical DNA replicas from one original DNA
Cell Cycle the cycle of growth and asexual reproduction of a cell; Growth1, Synthesis, Growth2, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis (G1, S, G2, M, C).
Mitosis asexual reproduction of a cell; parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase (PMAT).
Interphase longest phase of cell cycle. Includes G1, S, G2.
Growth 1 cell growth (G1 phase)
Synthesis DNA replication occurs during this phase (S phase)
Growth 2 cell growth and prep for division by making centrioles (G2 phase)
Prophase 1st stage of mitosis; the nuclear envelope disappears and centrioles send out spindle fibers.
Nuclear Envelope a bilayered membrane that surrounds the nucleus in a cell; separates the chromosomes (DNA) from the rest of the cell
Centrioles special organelles used for cell division; appear and send out spindle fibers
Metaphase 2nd stage of mitosis; spindle fibers from centrioles attach to chromosomes and pull them to the middle of the cell.
Anaphase 3rd phase of mitosis; spindle fibers pull chromatids apart and towards opposite sides of the cell.
Telophase 4th phase of mitosis; nuclear envelopes reappear and the cell is almost ready to completely divide.
Cytokinesis last phase of the cell cycle; cytoplasm divides (cleavage) and creates two new daughter cells.
Chromosomes packaged DNA; humans have 46 in each cell (23 from each parent)
Chromatids one of two identical chromosome strands
Somatic Cells body cells that have 46 chromosomes (23 from each parent); undergo mitosis.
Diploid Cells the two cells at the end of mitosis; each contain 46 chromosomes
Haploid Cells a cell that contains half (23) of the usual amount of chromosomes; the four cells at the end of meiosis
Fertilization the process of combining the male gamete, or sperm, with the female gamete, or ovum to create a cell known as the zygote.
Gamete an organism’s reproductive cells (also called sex cells); they are haploid cells, and each cell carries only one copy (23) of each chromosome.
Meiosis a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information; the created cells are gamete cells – sperm in males, eggs in females.
Genes basic unit of heredity that occupies a specific location on a chromosome; a segment of DNA
Asexual Reproduction a type of reproduction that does not involve gametes or change in the DNA number of chromosomes (46 → 46); offspring is identical to parent (mitosis)
Sexual Reproduction a type of reproduction that involves gametes and change in the number of chromosomes (23 → 46); offspring receives chromosomes from both parents which results in genetic diversity (meiosis)
Genetic Diversity the range of different inherited traits within a species; this is critical for a population to adapt to changing environments.
Genetic Variation the difference in DNA among individuals of the same species or the differences between populations of the same species
Independent Assortment chromosomes line up independently (randomly) during meiosis; leads to genetic variation.
Crossing Over when a gene from one chromosome switches to another during meiosis; leads to genetic variation
Cancer a disease caused by uncontrolled cell division of abnormal cells in a part of the body
A without; not
Dipl double; in pairs
Cyto cell
kinesis: movement
Telo final
Soma body
Inter between
Centr center
Created by: MsLowery
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