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2C Biochemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of carbon-containing compounds | organic chemistry |
| a compound that contains carbon covalently bonded to other atoms | organic compound |
| why are organic compounds important? | They are essential for life. |
| How many valence electrons does carbon have? How many bonds will it form? | 4 |
| In addition to single bonds, what kind of bonds can carbon form? | double and triple bonds |
| How many electrons does each atom share in a double bond? How many electrons total are shared? | 2 electrons each; 4 electrons total |
| How many electrons does each atom share in a triple bond? How many electrons total are shared? | 3 electrons each; 6 electrons total |
| means large | macro- |
| The ability of organisms to manufacture compounds | biosynthesis |
| What is the term that means internal growth through biosynthesis | assimilation |
| List the levels of organization from atoms to cells | atoms--macromolecules--organelles--cell |
| List 3 elements that are found in all four macromolecules. | carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| What are the two functions of carbohydrates? | energy storage, structure in plant cells |
| What is the building block (monomer) of carbohydrates? | monosaccharides |
| What suffix means sugar? | -ose as in glucose |
| What is glucose? | A monosaccharide produced during photosynthesis |
| What is ribose? | A monosaccharide that is a component of DNA and RNA. |
| What is fructose? | A monosaccharide that is found in fruit and honey |
| When two monosaccharides are bonded together, what is the result? | A disaccharide |
| What is the process by which monosaccharides are bonded together to form a polysaccharide? | Dehydration synthesis |
| What happens during dehydration synthesis? | A H+ from one molecule and an OH- from another molecule form HOH (H2O) and the two molecules bond together |
| The loss of water | dehydration |
| combining two or more things | synthesis |
| The addition of water to break bonds break down large molecules into smaller ones | hydrolysis |
| root meaning water | hydro- |
| root meaning to break apart | -lysis |
| What is the opposite chemical reaction of dehydration synthesis? | hydrolysis |
| long chain carbon molecelues | polymer |
| Carbohydrate energy storage molecules in animals | glycogen |
| Charbohydrate energy storage molecules in plants | starch |
| Carbohydrate's that strengthen cells walls and provides fiber in the human diet | cellulose |
| A nonpolar organic molecule that doesn't dissolve in water | lipid |
| What are two functions of lipids? | long-term energy storage in animals and main component of cell membranes |
| What is the building block (monomer) for lipids? | fatty acid |
| How can you recognize a lipid? | a long chain carbohydrate |
| What is a saturated fatty acid? | a long chain carbohydrate in which all of the carbons have single bonds |
| What is an unsaturated fatty acid? | a long chain carbohydrate in which one or more carbons have a double bond |
| What is an oil? | a lipid made of unsaturated fatty acids |
| What is a fat? | A lipid made up of saturated fatty acids |
| What are the components of a phospholipid? | glycerol + phosphate group + 2 fatty acids |
| What lipid polymer is used for energy storage in animals? | triglycerides |
| What lipid polymer is used as a major component of the cell membrane? | phospholipids |
| What lipid polymers are used as chemical messengers in animals and sex hormones? | steroids |
| Name four elements found in all proteins. | C, H, O, N |
| Name four functions of protiens. | Structural (bones, muscles, skin, etc), transport in and out of cell (membrane proteins), help fight disease--antibodies, controls rate of reactions--enzymes |
| What is the building block (monomer) for protein? | amino acid |
| List two conditions that proteins are sensitive to. | temperature and pH |
| conditions that break bonds that holds proteins together | denature |
| Chemical reaction that bonds two amino acids together | dehydration synthesis |
| A chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds | polypeptide |
| How does a polypeptide chain become a protein? | The polypeptide folds into a subunit and joins with other subunits to form a protein |
| What is the function of DNA? | contains all the information necessary to create and maintain life |
| What is the function of RNA? | responsible for protein synthesis |
| What is the building block (monomer) for nucleic acids? | nucleotide |
| What are the 3 components of a nucleotide? | ribose sugar, phosphate group, and a group |
| What is DNA an anacronym for? | deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What is RNA an anacronym for? | ribonucleic acid |
| Name the 4 DNA bases. | adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine |
| Name the 4 RNA bases. | adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil |
| How often are chemical reactions occurring in every cell? | constantly |
| When does a chemical reaction occur? | When ionic or covalent bonds are formed, broken, or some mixture of forming/breaking bonds |
| How often is chemical energy used in chemical reactions? | always |
| the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism | metabolis |
| the starting material in a chemical reaction | reactants |
| the ending material in a chemical reaction | products |
| the chemicals on the left side of a chemical equation (arrow) | reactants |
| the chemicals on the right side of a chemical equation (arrow) | products |
| What are 4 signs of a chemical reaction | formation of gas, change in color, heat and light produced, formation of a solid |
| root meaning heat | therm |
| prefix meaning within | endo |
| prefix meaning outside | exo |
| A reaction in which heat is absorbed | endothermic reaction |
| A reaction in which heat is released | exothermic reaction |
| A reaction in which bonds are formed and energy is stored within the bond | endothermic reaction |
| A reaction in which bonds are broken and energy is released from stored bonds | exothermic reaction |
| A reaction that occurs without activation energy | spontaneous reaction |
| activation energy | the energy required to get a reaction going |
| A reaction in which fire and light are produced | exothermic reaction |
| A graph in which the energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants (be able to identify this graph) | exothermic reaction |
| A graph in which the energy of the products is higher than the energy of the reactants (be able to identify this graph) | endothermic reaction |
| something that speeds up a reation | catalyst |
| a biomolecule that acts as a catalyst | enzyme |
| Enzymes are which type of macromolecule (biomolocule)? | proteins |
| How do catalysts work? | They lower the required activation energy |
| Does an enzyme get used up in a chemical reaction? | No it is recycled and reused. |
| Is an enzyme a reactant? | No |
| Enzyme names end in what suffix? | -ase |
| Which enzyme breaks down the milk sugar lactase? | lactose |
| How does an enzyme work? | It provides an active site where reactants can be brought together to react |
| What are the reactants that fit into the active site of an enzyme called? | substrates |
| What is the place on the enzyme where the substrate fits? | active site |
| Why is the enzyme/substrate compared to a lock and a key? | The shape of the active site will only fit one substrate. They are very specific. |
| How does a graph of a reaction with and without an enzyme differ? (be able to label it on a graph). | The activation energy curve is lower for the reaction with and enzyme vs the reaction w/o an enzyme. |
Created by:
vcanfield
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