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OHT Test 2
Tissues and Plant Growth, Cells, and Genetics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| _____ are a group of cells in plants that can divide continuously to form new cells and tissues | Meristematic Tissue |
| _____ and _____ are the 2 types of growth tissue | - Apical meristems - Intercalary (axillary) meristems |
| _____ meristems grow at the tips | Apical meristems |
| _____ meristems are at leaf axils | Intercalary (axillary) meristems |
| _____ are found in roots, shoots and vegetative buds | Meristematic Tissue |
| _____ are composed of parenchyma cells | Meristematic Tissue |
| ______ start out small and uniform and mature to assume different shapes | Meristematic Tissue |
| _____ causes cell division to occur and growth as a result | Meristematic Tissue |
| ____ growth gives you an increase in length | Primary Growth |
| ____ growth relates to Apical growth at tips | Primary Growth |
| ____ growth relates to Intercalary growth at nodes | Primary Growth |
| ____ growth gives you an increase in diameter | Secondary Growth |
| ____ growth relates to the Vascular cambiums (Xylem and Phloem) | Secondary Growth |
| Vascular cambium is considered ____ growth | Secondary Growth |
| _____ and ____ are the two Vascular cambium | - Xylem - Phloem |
| ____ growth relates to the Cork cambiums (Bark and Woody plants only) | Secondary Growth |
| Cork cambium is considered ____ growth | Secondary Growth |
| _____ and ____ are the two Cork cambium | Bark Woody plants |
| Simple tissues are composed of ____ cell type | just one |
| parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells are considered ______ | Simple tissues |
| Complex tissues are composed of ______ cell type | more than one |
| xylem, phloem and periderm are considered _____ | Complex tissues |
| The _____ has thin walled cells varying in size, shape and function | Parenchyma cell |
| _____ can be meristematic, photosynthetic and used for storage | Parenchyma cells |
| The _______ is most common type of plant cell | Parenchyma |
| _____ are found in regions of active growth | Parenchyma cells |
| ______ are unevenly thickened cell walls | Collenchyma cells |
| _______ offer support by strengthening tissues | Collenchyma cells |
| ______ are found in soft, edible fruit rinds | Collenchyma cells |
| _______ are found in stems, petioles, leaf margins and leaf veins | Collenchyma cells |
| _____ are the “string” in celery | Collenchyma cells |
| _______ are cells that help make up the vascular system | Collenchyma cells |
| _____ are Tissue composed of cells with thick cell walls | Sclerenchyma |
| ____ functions primarily in strengthening and support | Sclerenchyma |
| _____ can bend without snapping | Sclerenchyma cells |
| _____ are found in petioles | Sclerenchyma cells |
| _____ are found around seeds | Sclerenchyma cells |
| _____ are the “gritty” cells in pears | Sclerenchyma cells |
| Epidermis are a type of ____ tissue | Complex Tissue |
| Secretion Tissues are a type of ____ tissue | Complex Tissue |
| Xylem are a type of ____ tissue | Complex Tissue |
| Phloem are a type of ____ tissue | Complex Tissue |
| Periderm are a type of ____ tissue | Complex Tissue |
| The _____ is the exterior tissue of leaves, young stems, and roots | Epidermis |
| The _____ contains stomata and guard cells which regulate water movement and gas exchange | Epidermis |
| The Epidermis contains the _____ | Cuticle |
| The ____ protects plants from excessive sunlight which will over heat protoplasm and bleach chlorophyll | Epidermis |
| The ____ is a Waxy/fatty layer of varying thickness on the outer walls of epidermal cells | Cuticle |
| _____ is known for “water proofing” / holds water in | Cuticle |
| ______ offers some protection against plant pests like; leaf hairs that deter egg laying | Cuticle |
| The substance in which a cuticle is composed is called the ____ | Cutin |
| _____ release hormones that are vital to normal plant function | Secretion Tissues |
| ______ also secretes substances like the oil on citrus and the resin from pines | Secretion Tissues |
| The _____ conducts water and dissolved substances up through the plant (active transport) | Xylem |
| Water moves through the ______ due to water potential | Xylem |
| ______ concentration → _______ concentration | High concentration → low concentration |
| what is the order of the Xylem process? | Soil – root – stem – leaf - air |
| The _____ consists of parenchyma cells, fibers, vessels, tracheids and ray cells | Xylem |
| The______ functions primarily in the conduction of dissolved food substances throughout the plant to the needed organs | Phloem |
| The ______ moves food from the leaves to the other plant parts | Phloem |
| The ______ consists of sieve tube elements and companion cells | Phloem |
| _____ is the outer bark composed of a mixture of cells including cork cells (cells that are dead at maturity) | Periderm |
| ___ involves auxin | Cell Loosening |
| With _____, acids are secreted into cell walls – pH dependent enzymes are activated – loosens the cellulose in cell walls | Cell Loosening |
| ____ needs to happen so cells can enlarge and/or divide | Cell Loosening |
| Cells take in water by ____ | osmosis |
| _____ is essential for growth and development in cell enlargement | Water |
| Enlargement is required for ____ | growth |
| Turgor is required for ____ | enlargement |
| Shoot Elongation are either ____ or ____ | Determinate or Indeterminate |
| Shoot elongation stops after a period of time because of ____ | Determinate |
| Flower bud(s) end up on the terminal end due to _____ | Determinate |
| Annuals are an example of ____ | Determinate |
| Shoot elongation continues indefinitely because of ___ | Indeterminate |
| Flowerbuds are lateral, not terminal due to _____ | Indeterminate |
| Vines are an example of _____ | Indeterminate |
| ___ are plant growth regulators | Plant Hormones |
| ____ can be natural or synthetic (our focus is natural) | Plant Hormones |
| Auxin, Cytokinin, Abscissic Acid, Gibberellin, and Ethylene are examples of _____ | Plant Hormones |
| ___ have specific effects on the plant (i.e. inhibiting plant growth, etc.) | Plant Hormones |
| Apical Dominance and Senescence are the two types of ____ | Hormonal Interactions |
| _____ and ______ are the two types of hormonal interactions | Apical Dominance and Senescence |
| ____ is the suppression of the growth of lateral buds by hormones | Apical Dominance (basics) |
| Growing points dominate the plant (tips of roots and tips of shoots) because of ____ | Apical Dominance (basics) |
| ____ increases in length as the apical meristem produces new cells | Apical Dominance (basics) |
| ____ meristem releases a hormone (auxin) that prevents the lateral growth of the plant (auxin inhibits cytokinin which is needed for lateral growth) | Apical Dominance (details) |
| Remove the _____ meristem to prevent apical dominance – leads plant to become “bushy” | Apical Dominance (details) |
| _____ should be done approximately ¼” above the node | Pinching |
| The ____ pinch takes off only the apical meristem | Soft pinch |
| The ____ pinch is more drastic (pruning) | Hard pinch |
| The ____ pinch is a uniform response | Control pinch |
| The ___ is the breakdown of cell components and membranes that eventually lead to the death of the cell | Senescence |
| Mimic, replace auxins, or other hormones are considard____ | Commercial Growth Regulators |
| ____ can be natural or synthetic | Commercial Growth Regulators |
| Root Tone and Hormodin contains IBA and IAA to induce rooting because of ____ | Commercial Growth Regulators |
| B-Nine (Alar), Cycocel / Arrest, and Pro-Gibb are examples of | Growth Regulators |
| ____ is used to shorten internodes | B-Nine (Alar) |
| _____ slows growth and makes plants shorter overall | Cycocel and Arrest |
| ______ or Gibberellic acid, lengthens the internodes of plants and is used in dormancy substitution | Pro-Gibb |
| Buds either grow ____ or ____ | Vegetatively or Reproductively |
| ___ make more leaf and stem tissue | Vegetative Buds |
| ____ are terminal buds on plants with indeterminate growth | Vegetative Buds |
| ___ make flower parts | Reproductive Buds |
| ____ are terminal buds on plants with determinate growth | Reproductive Buds |
| ____ cells are small | Eukaryotic Cells (Plants) - Eucaryote Cells |
| ____ cells are also pronounced nucleus | Eukaryotic Cells (Plants) - Eucaryote Cells |
| ____ cells have simple cell walls, if any | Eukaryotic Cells (Plants) - Eucaryote Cells |
| ____ cells have multiple, linear chromosomes | Eukaryotic Cells (Plants) - Eucaryote Cells |
| ___ cells are very small | Prokaryotic Cells |
| ___ cells have no nucleus | Prokaryotic Cells |
| ___ cells have no organelles | Prokaryotic Cells |
| ___ cells have complex cell walls | Prokaryotic Cells |
| ___ cells are single, circular chromosomes | Prokaryotic Cells |
| Cells are divided into ____ regions or areas | 3 |
| Cytoplasm/protoplasm, Nucleus, Outer membrane are the regions or areas for ____ | Cell Structure and Function |
| _____, ______, and _____ are the 3 layers of cell walls | Primary Cell Wall Secondary Cell Wall Middle Lamella |
| ____ is the first cell wall formed during cell development | Primary Cell Wall |
| ____ is thin and flexible: allows for the growth of the cell | Primary Cell Wall |
| ____ is composed of cellulose, hemi-cellulose, and pectin | Primary Cell Wall |
| The ______ forms after growth stops | Secondary Cell Wall |
| The _____ is located between the primary cell wall and plasma membrane | Secondary Cell Wall |
| The ____ is thick and rigid; inhibits cell growth | Secondary Cell Wall |
| The ____ consists of more cellulose and lignin | Secondary Cell Wall |
| The ____ is a thin layer of sticky pectin and glues adjacent cells together | Middle Lamella |
| Because of ______, deposits of lignin occurs to harden the cell wall and make the cell wall rigid | Lignification |
| Rigidity of cell wall allows plant cells to develop turgor pressure because of _____ | Lignification |
| ____ use cell to cell interconnections | Plasmodesmata |
| The ____ is also known as the plasma membrane or plasma lemma | Cell Membrane |
| The___ is the barrier between cell interior and exterior | Cell Membrane |
| The ____ regulates osmosis: functions as a selective barrier to transport substances into and out of the cell | Cell Membrane |
| The Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is a type of _____ | Organelle |
| The Ribosomes is a type of _____ | Organelle |
| The Mitochondria is a type of _____ | Organelle |
| The Golgi Apparatus is a type of _____ | Organelle |
| The Vacuole is a type of _____ | Organelle |
| The Chloroplasts is a type of _____ | Organelle |
| The Nucleus is a type of _____ | Organelle |
| The _____ is the principle site of membrane synthesis | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
| _______ is the complex system of membranous channels | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
| The _____ transports proteins or lipids to different parts of the cell | Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
| _____ is embedded with ribosomes | Rough ER |
| _____ is the site of protein synthesis, storage and secretion | Rough ER |
| _____ does not have ribosomes | Smooth ER |
| _____ is the site of lipid (fat) synthesis and secretion | Smooth ER |
| _____ is also the site of protein synthesis | Ribosomes |
| _____ occur freely in the cytoplasm or are attached to the ER | Ribosomes |
| The _____ is the site of cellular respiration: produces energy for living organisms in the form of ATP | Mitochondria |
| The ____ have their own DNA | Mitochondria |
| Golgi bodies make up the _____ | Golgi Apparatus |
| The _____ secretes new cell wall precursors | Golgi Apparatus |
| ____ is a large membrane enclosed sac that absorbs and stores food and water (turgor pressure) | Vacuole |
| _____ contains anthocyanins related to fall color and the color of flowers and fruits | Vacuole |
| _____ are the inner and outer membrane enclosing fluid called stroma | Chloroplasts |
| ______ contains thylakoids | Chloroplasts |
| ____ occurs when plants are grown without sufficient light; chloroplasts turn into etioplasts; results in spindly pale growth; can be prevented or reversed | Etiolation |
| The ______ contains genetic material (DNA) | Nucleus |
| ____ directs cellular function | DNA |
| ______ allow for the passage of large molecules of RNA out of the nucleus | Nuclear pores |
| ______ within the nucleus is responsible for the production of ribosomes | Nucleolus |
| _____ are wastes or storage products found within the cell | Ergastic Substances |
| Primary metabolites are a type of _____ | Ergastic Substance |
| Secondary metabolites are a type of _____ | Ergastic Substance |
| _______ are starch and sugars that play a role in cell metabolism | Primary metabolites |
| ____ are resins and tannins that serve as plant protectants that are toxic to animals and insects | Secondary metabolites |
| Rhubarb leaves being poisonous are an example of ______ | Secondary metabolites |
| Tannins produced by oaks repeling spotted lanternfly are an example of ______ | Secondary metabolites |
| Cell Division consists of _____ and _____ | Mitosis and Meiosis |
| What are the steps in Mitosis for cell division? | Interphase, early prophase, late prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase |
| What are the steps in Meiosis for cell division? | Interphase, early prophase 1, late prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, telophase 1 and prophase 2, metaphase 2, telophase 2, and anaphase 2 |
| ____ is the complete replication of DNA and division of nucleus which conserves the amount of DNA in the next generation of two cells | Mitosis |
| ____ occurs at all of the growing points within the plant. | Mitosis |
| ____ is the complete replication of DNA followed by two consecutive divisions resulting in the following generation of four cells to contain half of the original amount of DNA | Meiosis |
| _____ occurs in flowers as a part of sexual reproduction. | Meiosis |
| ____ are flattened discs containing chlorophyll and other pigments; arranged in stacks called grana | Chloroplasts |
| Nucleolus within the nucleus is responsible for the production of _____ | ribosomes |
| ______ promotes cell growth and differentiation especially on the tips of plants. Promotes roots on unrooted cuttings. | Auxins |
| _______ promotes cell division and lateral growth in plants. | Cytokinin |
| ______ stimulates cell elongation, bud breaking, seedless fruit production, and seed germination. | Gibberellins |
| ______ promotes dormancy in seeds and buds. It promotes wilting and falling of leaves. Closes stomata when plants are under moisture stress. | Abscisic acid |
| ____ promotes fruit ripening. | Ethylene |
| ______ is the art and science of changing the genetics of plants to benefit mankind. | Plant Breeding |
| ______ is a form of plant breeding the focuses on one specific gene. | Plant Biotechnology |
| _____ & ______ are the two forms of reproduction. | Asexual & Sexual |
| _____ is Production of offspring in the absence of the sexual process | Asexual Reproduction |
| _____ occurs without gametes (reproductive cells) | Asexual Reproduction |
| With _____; offspring, barring mutations, are exact copies of the parent | Asexual Reproduction |
| _____ is the production of offspring by the fusion of haploid gametes (when a flower is pollinated and fertilized). | Sexual Reproduction |
| With _______; offspring shares one half of its DNA with one parent and one half with the other parent. | Sexual Reproduction |
| ____ was originally called Mendel’s Inheritance Factors (named after Gregor Mendel) | Genes |
| _____ are the “fundamental units” passed on from one generation to the next | Genes |
| ____ are always found on the same location on a chromosome | Genes |
| Enzymes “read” the _____ and transcribe the information into RNA | Genes |
| _____ is central to the reproduction of all living things | DNA |
| _____ is packaged in chromosomes | DNA |
| _____ Contains genomes (complete collection of an organism’s genetic information) | DNA |
| DNA must perform ____ major tasks | 4 |
| ______, _______, ______, and _______ are the 4 major tasks DNA must perform. | Storing genetic information, Copy that information for future generations of cells, Express the information, and Occasionally change the message (mutate) |
| Store genetic information is ________ | one of the 4 major tasks DNA must perform. |
| Copy that information for future generations of cells is ________ | one of the 4 major tasks DNA must perform. |
| Express the information is ________ | one of the 4 major tasks DNA must perform. |
| Occasionally change the message (mutate) is ________ | one of the 4 major tasks DNA must perform. |
| ______ are a diagram that shows the possible gene combinations of offspring from two parents | Punnett square |
| _______ are an inheritance pattern that follows the laws of segregation and independent assortment in which a gene inherited from either parent segregates into gametes at an equal frequency | Mendelen Genetics |
| ______ is the observable physical characteristics of an organism, like eye color or height, which are determined by its genetic makeup and environmental factors. | Phenotype |
| _______ refers to the specific genetic makeup of an organism, meaning the combination of alleles it carries for a particular trait. | Genotype |
| the ______ is the "code" that underlies the _______ | Genotype - Phenotype |
| _____ are some of the possible mutational forms of a gene, distinguished by phenotypic effects | Alleles |
| ____ is a specific allelic constitution of an organism | Genotype |
| _____ are observed properties of an organism's genetic composition | Phenotype |
| ____ are an organism containing two of the same alleles for a gene | Homozygote |
| ____ are an organism containing two different alleles for a gene | Heterozygote |
| Geneticists denote different genes by _____ | single letters. |
| In dominant-recessive inheritance, dominant alleles are shown as _____ | capital letters |
| In dominant-recessive inheritance, recessive alleles are shown as ______ | lower-case |
| The absence of dominance is also known as the ____ | codominance |
| In the absence of dominance, dominant alleles are shown as _____ | capitals |
| In the absence of dominance, recessive alleles are shown as _____ | capitals |
| In the absence of dominance, both alleles are shown as _____ | capitals |
| ____ contains two of the same alleles for the same gene | Homozygous |
| ____ contains two different alleles for the same gene | Heterozygous |
| The ____ trait will be expressed over others | Dominant |
| The ____ trait may not be expressed due to dominant trait | Recessive |
| With _____, two dominant traits express themselves | Codominant |
| With _____ the allele make up of the organism | Genotype |
| The _____ is the physical traits expressed in an organism from their genes | Phenotype |
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22gonzalez
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