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Anatomy weeks 1-6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Popliteal refers to: | The area behind the knee |
| Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of: | Organelles |
| Several types of tissues working together are called: | Organs |
| A surgeon removing a gallbladder should know to find it in the ____ region | Right hypochondriac |
| A saggital section divides the body into____ portions | Left and right |
| Two major cavities of the human body are: | Ventral/dorsal |
| An organ is one organizational level than: | Tissue |
| The lungs are located in which cavity? | Thoracic cavity |
| How many abdominal regions are there? | 9 |
| An organization of many similar cells are that specialized to perform a certain function is called: | Tissue |
| What anatomical term means nearer the surface? | Superficial |
| If your reference point is “farthest from the trunk of the body” versus “nearest to the trunk of the body,” where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle? | Proximal |
| In anatomical position the wrist is ___________ as compared to the elbow | Inferior |
| The plane that divides the body into upper and lower parts is the _____ plane. | Transverse |
| What is in the mediastinum? | The heart, trachea, R/L bronchi, the esophagus |
| The mediastinum does not contain? | The lungs. |
| What are the characteristics of life? | Digestion, conductivity, circulation, reproduction, growth, responsiveness , respiration, absorption, secretion, excretion |
| The abdominal quadrants are located with what structure as their midpoint? | The umbilicus |
| The smallest living units of structure and function in the body are: | Cells |
| A frontal section divides the body into _____ portions. | Front and back |
| A plane through the body that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions is: | Coronal |
| The neck is ______ as compared to the right shoulder. | Medial |
| An x-ray technician has been asked to make x-ray films of the liver. Which of the abdominopelvic regions must be included? | Right hypochondriac, epigastric, and left hypochondriac |
| The reproductive system includes all of the following except the: - testes. - ovaries. - ureter. - penis. | Ureter |
| Which of the following does not describe anatomical position? - Head pointing forward - Body standing erect -Pinky is lateral as compared to the thumb - All of the above describe the body in the anatomical position. | The pinky is lateral as compared to the thumb |
| An example of a tissue in the body is - a muscle cell. - epithelium. - the stomach. - a macromolecule. | Epithelium |
| _____ refers to an inner region of an organ, whereas _____ refers to an outer region or layer of an organ. Medullary; apical Cortical; medullary Medullary; cortical Apical; basal | Medullary, cortical |
| The brain is ________ to the skull. superior lateral anterior proximal deep | Deep |
| The chest is ________ to the abdomen. - superior - lateral - anterior - proximal - deep | Superior |
| A frontal plane is the same as a ________ plane. | Coronal |
| As an anatomical region, lumbar refers to | the infero-medial aspect of the back. |
| The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region. superior lateral anterior proximal deep | Anterior |
| The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are | Axial and appendicular |
| True or false: The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into a cranial cavity and a spinal cavity. | True |
| The space that encloses the brain and spinal cord forms one continuous cavity called the _____ cavity. | Dorsal |
| The gluteal region is ________ to the popliteal region. superior lateral anterior proximal deep | Superior |
| Regarding directional terms, superior means | Towards the head |
| Which branch of anatomy studies the structural changes that occur as one ages? | Developmental anatomy |
| Which system is involved in immunity? | Lymphatic |
| Muscles are ________ to the skin. superior lateral anterior proximal deep | Deep |
| The inguinal region lies | Where the thigh joins the trunk |
| Which structure is located entirely within the right upper quadrant? appendix stomach spleen gallbladder | Gallbladder |
| Another name for the midsagittal plane is | Median |
| Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons are called: | Covalent |
| Atoms with fewer than eight electrons in the outer energy level will attempt to lose, gain, or share electrons with other atoms to achieve stability. This tendency is called the | Octet rule |
| A molecule that is polar: can form a hydrogen bond. must be ionic. has an unequal charge. is both A and C. | Both a & c |
| The type of chemical reaction most likely to require energy is a(n) _____ reaction. | Synthesis |
| As a result of which reaction during catabolism is a water molecule added to break a larger compound into smaller subunits? | Hydrolysis |
| Salts: can form as the result of a chemical reaction between acids and bases. are electrolytes. will form crystals if the water is removed. All of the above | All of the above |
| The elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up which percentage of the human body? | 96% |
| The reaction between hydrogen and oxygen needed to form water is an example of a: | Synthesis reaction |
| The total number of electrons in a neutral atom equals the number of: | protons in the nucleus |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions increases, the pH goes _____, and the solution becomes more _____. | Down, acidic |
| How does hydrolysis break down a compound? | By adding a water molecule |
| Which subatomic particles carry a charge? | Protons and electrons |
| As the concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) increases, the solution: | Becomes more basic and the ph rises |
| The atomic number tells you the: | Number of protons in the nucleus |
| Hydrogen bonds result from unequal charge distribution on a molecule. Such molecules are said to be: | Polar |
| An atom can be described as chemically inert if its outermost electron shell contains _____ electrons. eight nine two Both A and C are correct. | Eight |
| Ionic bonds are chemical bonds formed by the | Transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| An element that contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons is called a(n) | Isotope |
| What is a chemical bond? | A force holding two atoms together |
| For sodium to transform from a neutral atom to a positive ion, it must: | Lose an electron |
| What term is used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in body cells? | Metabolism |
| What is The most abundant element essential to life | Carbon |
| The water molecule has two distinct ends, each with a partial electrical charge. Because of this structure, water is said to be | Polar |
| A weak acid: dissociates very little in solution. dissociates almost completely in solution. will cause the pH of the solution to rise above 7. does both B and C. | Dissociates very little in solution |
| Acids, bases, and salts belong to a large group of compounds called | Electrolytes |
| Which type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substances? | Decomposition reaction |
| What do acids release? | Hydrogen ions |
| A substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances is called a(n) | Element |
| Electrolytes are: organic compounds. called cations if they have a negative charge. called cations if they have a positive charge. both A and B. | Called cations if they have a positive charge |
| Approximately what percentage of the body weight of an adult female is water? | 50% |
| Substances that accept hydrogen ions are called: | Bases |
| The hydrogen isotope tritium consists of: | One proton and two neutrons |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | Dehydration synthesis |
| Which of the following represents a trace element in the body? Sulfur Chlorine Iron Phosphorus | Iron |
| Which element is least likely to combine with another element? | Helium |
| The study of metabolism includes examination of: catabolism. anabolism. ATP requirements. all of the above. | All of the above |
| An example of a catabolic process is: hydrolysis. dehydration synthesis. formation of a peptide bond. both B and C. | Hydrolysis |
| Carbon has an atomic number of 6. The number of electrons found in the first shell is: | Two |
| An example of a catabolic process is: hydrolysis. dehydration synthesis. formation of a peptide bond. both B and C. | Hydrolysis |
| The study of metabolism includes examination of: catabolism. anabolism. ATP requirements. all of the above. | All of the above |
| The atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unpaired electrons are in its outer shell? | Four |
| Acids: are proton donors. taste sour. release hydrogen ions in an aqueous solution. All of the above are true of acids. | All of the above are true |
| Which of the following represents properties of water? High specific heat High heat of vaporization Strong polarity All of the above | All of the above |
| AB + CD → AD + CB is an example of a(n) _____ reaction. | Exchange |
| A magnesium atom has an atomic number of 12, an atomic mass of 25, and a +2 charge. This atom would contain _____ protons, _____ neutrons, and _____ electrons. | 12, 13, 10 |
| What is the approximate ph of gastric fluid | 2 |
| Which of the following is not one of the major elements present in the human body? Oxygen Zinc Carbon Potassium | Zinc |
| As the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) increases, the: solution becomes more basic. solution becomes more acidic. pH rises. Both A and C are correct. | Solution becomes more acidic |
| An example of an element would be: Ne. CO2. C6H12O6. H2O. | Ne |
| The process of the digestion of food is an example of which type of reaction? | Decomposition |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of: | Protons and neutrons |
| The type of reaction in which substances are combined to form more complex substances is called a(n) _____ reaction. | Synthesis |
| A solution that contains a greater concentration of hydroxide ions (OH–) than hydrogen ions (H+) is a(n) _____ solution. | Alkaline (basic) |
| The kind of element is determined by the number of: | Protons |
| What is false about integral proteins determine which molecules are transported through the membrane. Some attach to the glycocalyx. Most extend all the way through the membrane. more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. | more abundant by volume than the membrane phospholipids. |
| Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope. | Rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| This organelle primarily modifies products from the rough ER, and it resembles a stack of hollow saucers, one cupped inside the next. | Golgi apparatus |
| Which of the following is not a cytoskeleton element? centriole microtubule intermediate filament microfilament | Centriole |
| Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter? intermediate filaments microfilaments centrioles microtubules | Microtubules |
| This organelle has both a cis and a trans face. | Golgi apparatus |
| The inside of the cell is composed largely of a gel-like substance called | Cytoplasm |
| This organelle is numerous in liver and kidney cells. | Peroxisome |
| Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| this membranous organelle contains oxidase and catalase enzymes | peroxisome |
| the plasma membrane is composed of all of the following except: - phospholipids - cholesterol - glycoproteins - tubulin protein | tubulin protein |
| a major function of the cell membrane is to: | control what enters and leaves the cell |
| which type of junction is formed when membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other? | gap junction |
| ribosomes are organelles that: | float in the cytoplasm and attach to the endoplasmic reticulum |
| a spherical membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material of the cell and is often referred to as the "command center'" of the cell is the: | nucleus |
| phospholipids of the plasma membranes are arranged | as a bilayer with their nonpolar tails sandwiched between the polar heads |
| the outer boundary of a human cell is called the | plasma membrane |
| in the matrix of the plasma membrane, a variety of proteins are embedded. some of these proteins serve as a passageway for Na+ ions or glucose. these proteins are called: | transport proteins |
| of the following, the only organelle that has a double membrane structure is the | mitochondrion |
| often referred to as the "power plant" of the cell, which organelle is the site of ATP production? | mitochondrion |
| which of the following is a type of cell extension that lines the intestines and other areas of the body? - cilila - flagella - mirovilli - mirofilaments | microvilli |
| this organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae | mitochondria |
| this membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell | rough endoplasmic reticulum |
| which area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus coordinates the building and breaking of the microtubules in the cell? | centrosome |
| this organelle is primarily a sac of powerful digestive enzymes called acid hydrolases | lysosome |
| which cell fiber serves as part of our "cellular muscles?" | microfilament |
| main cell structures include all of the following except: - organelles - plasma membrane - interstitial fluid - cytoplasm | interstitial fluid |
| tiny indentations of the plasma membrane that resemble caves are called: | caveolae |
| the structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as: | plasma membrane |
| the enzyme catalase is an important chemical in the functioning of the: | peroxisomes |
| the presence of which substance in the cell membrane keeps it from breaking too easily? | cholesterol |
| true or false: the nucleus is the only structure in the cell that contains dna | false |
| projections from the cell that move materials and mucus are called | cilia |
| the fundamental organizational unit of life is the | cell |
| the barrier function of the plasma membrane is accomplished by the | phospholipid bilayer |
| the ____ is often called the microtubule organizing center | centrosome |
| dna is a major constituent of which organelle | nucleus |
| which organelles consist of vesicles that have pinched off from the golgi apparatus? | lysosomes |
| how do vesicles move from place to place in an organized way within the cell? | molecular motors pull them along the microtubules and microfilaments of the cytoskeleton |
| which of the following is not true of the rough endoplasmic reticulum? - it makes lipids and carbohydrates - it is made of broad, flattened sacs - it has many ribosomes attached to it - all of the above are true | it makes lipids and carbohydrates |
| the nucleolus is composed chiefly of | rRNA |
| which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted | golgi apparatus |
| which of the following recognize and destroy nonself cells | immune cells |
| the structure in cells that is associated with the enzymatic breakdown (digestion) of foreign material is the | lysosome |
| which of the following is not a function of the integral membrane proteins? - acting as receptors - signal transduction - identification of self - all of the above are functions | all of the above are functions |
| the largest human cell measuring about 150 um is a | female sex cell or ovum |
| the cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called | microvilli |
| which of the following is not a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum - provides a site for ribosome attachment - supplies membrane for use throughout the cell - makes steroid hormones - makes glycoproteins | provides a site for ribosome attachment |
| which of the following organelles is considered a nonmembranous organelle - golgi apparatus - ribosome - mitochondria - both a & b | ribosome |
| in the cell membrane, the hydrophilic part of the phospholipid molecule: - faces the exterior of the cell - faces the interior of the cell - is in the center of the phospholipid bilayer - both a & b | both a & b |
| which of the following is not true about ribosomes? - contains protein - composed of a large unit and a small unit - surrounded by a membrane structure - contains RNA | surrounded by a membrane structure |
| lysosomes perform autophagy. this means that they | break down proteins and cytoplasm that are not needed by "self eating" |
| a list of the cell fibers from largest to smallest would read: | microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments |
| damage to the centrosome and centrioles in a cell would have the greatest impact on which cell function? | cell division |
| what is the most superficial layer of the epidermis | stratum corneum |
| the dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick ____ layer | reticular |
| which of the following is not a type of connective tissue - cardiac - blood - adipose - cartilage | cardiac |
| adipose tissue is | a storage tissue |
| the external ear is composed of | elastic cartilage |
| stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelial cells are found in the | epidermis |
| what contains osteocytes | bone |
| each hair follicle has a small bundle of involuntary muscles attached to it called the | arrector pili muscle |
| which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities | epithelial |
| mesoderm interacts with endoderm and ectoderm to give rise to: - the heart - skeletal muscles - mesenchyme - all of the above | all of the aboce |
| the skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. they are the _____ glands | sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| the structure that lies deep to the dermis and forms a connection between the skin and the underlying structures of the body is the | hypodermis |
| the two main layers that compose the skin are the dermis and | epidermis |
| the strongest and most durable type of cartilage is | fibrocartilage |
| the mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands form a brown waxy substance called the | cerumen |
| which of the following is not a principal type of tissue - cardiac - epithelial - nervous - connective | cardiac |
| which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| the _____ junction "glues" the epidermis and dermis together and provides mechanical support for the epidermis | dermoepidermal |
| the most abundant and widespread tissue in the body is | connective |
| of the many different kinds of protein compounds in the body, which is most abundant | collagen |
| the connective tissue membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints are called ____ membranes | synovial |
| which of the following is not a primary germ layer - endoderm - ectoderm - mesoderm - epiderm | epiderm |
| the basic determinant of skin color is | melanin |
| which of the following tissues lack a direct blood flow supply and consequently heals very slowly | cartilage |
| besides water, extracellular matrix contains | proteins and proteoglycans |
| the epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. one type, called keratinocytes become filled with a tough fibrous protein called | keratin |
| which of the following contains intercalated discs - smooth muscle - striated muscle - cardiac muscle - blood | cardiac muscle |
| which of the following is an example of a serous membrane - pleura - peritoneum - pericardium - all of the above | all the above |
| the two major categories of body membranes are | epithelial and connective |
| _______ fibers are present in three types of cartilage but they are most numerous in fibrous cartilage | collagenous |
| which bones form the framework of the hand | metacarpals |
| which of the following is not a bone in the skull - clavicle - parietal - sphenoid - ethmoid | clavicle |
| compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called | osteons |
| which two bones compose the shoulder girdle | clavicle and scapula |
| the bone that articulates with the temporal bone in the only movable joint of the skull is the | mandible |
| the extracellular components of bone matrix are | hard and calcified |
| which bone is the longest and heaviest bone in the body | femur |
| where would you find a tarsal bone | Foot |
| the very small bone that lies just posterior and lateral to each nasal bone is the | lacrimal |
| spongy bone is characterized by | open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures |
| which structures are unique to the fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as the baby passes through the birth canal | fontanels |
| anatomically speaking, which bone compose the wrist | carpals |
| which of the following are not in the appendicular skeleton - vertebrae - tarsals - femur - clavicle | vertebrae |
| the medial part of the anterior chest wall is supported by a dagger-shaped bone called the | sternum |
| anteriorly each rib of the first seven pairs attach to the | sternum |
| which lower leg bone is smaller and is located laterally | fibula |
| where are the smallest bones in the body located | ears |
| why are the last two pairs of false ribs designated as floating ribs | floating ribs do not attach even indirectly to the sternum |
| the dense, white fibrous membrane that covers bone except at joint surfaces is the | periosteum |
| the bone that claims the distinction of being the only bone in the body that articulates with no other bones is the | hyoid |
| which bone is located on the posterior aspect of the skull | occipital |
| the two bones that form the framework for the forearm are the | radius and ulna |
| of the five metacarpal bones that form the framework of the hand, the _____ metacarpal forms the most freely movable joint with the carpal bones | thumb |
| the main shaft-like portion of a long bone is the | diaphysis |
| the human skeleton system consists of two divisions they are | axial and appendicular |
| cartilage is classified as _________ tissue | connective |
| which pelvic bone is the most anteriorly placed | pubis |
| fibrocartilage can be found in the | symphysis pubis |
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