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Valerie P. Batesting
Physiology Week 1-6
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Homeostasis | Stability, balance, or equiibrium within cell or body |
| Set Point | normal reading or normal range |
| Internal Environment | must be kept at relatively constant temperature, glucose level, etc |
| 4 basic components in every feedback loop | Sensor mechanism, Integrator or control center, effector mechanism, feedback |
| Negative feedback loops | responsible for maintaining constant internal environment by reversing loops |
| cardiac cycle | body naturally changes some set points to different values at different times of the day |
| Feed Forward | info mat dlow ahead to another process to trigger a change in anticipation of an event that will follow |
| Levels of homeostatic control | intracellular control, intrinsic control , extrinsic control |
| Prions | "mad cow"; proteins that may cause misfolding of protein molecules |
| a Cell at rest has what level of ATP? | High ATP |
| active cell has what level of ATP? | Less/Low ATP |
| Exhausted cell has what level of ATP? | high ADP but low ATP |
| DNA | Largest molecules in body |
| DNA | hereditary; passes traits of one generation to the next AKA "informatio molecule" |
| RNA | helps cell properly use encoded information |
| RNA | a sequence of ribonucleotidesw that are copied from DNA molecule |
| tRNA (transfer RNA) | used by cell to "grab" specific amino acid and replace it with correct sequence when building primary protein strand |
| Adenosince triphosphate (ATP) | organic molecule that can pickup energy and give to another chemical process |
| in exercise when ATP is short what is used? | Creatine Phosphate (CP) - acts like a recharging ATP |
| denatured | protein loses normal folded organization -loses function and shape |
| Renatured | protein restored and resumes normal function |
| Levels of Protein structure | Primary , Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary |
| Most common coil in secondary level of protein structure | Alpha Helix |
| Proteins | Have Four elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and Nitrogen |
| Amino Acids | Building blocks for all proteins |
| Amino Acids | joined by peptide bonds |
| Decomposition (hydrolysis) reaction | Hydroloysis of peptide chain. broken by addition of water and individual amino acids are released |
| saturated fatty acids | all bonds of hydrocarbon chain are saturated with hydrogen atoms |
| unsaturdated fatty acids | not all bonds of hydrocarbon are saturated with hydrogen atoms |
| hydrophilic | water- loving |
| hydrophobic | water-fearing |
| Steriods | forms hormones like estrogen, cortisone, and testosterone and calcitriol (active hormone form of vitamin D) |
| Carbohydrates | contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (1:2:1 ratio) |
| Carbohydrates | provides primary sorce of chemical energy needed by every body cell |
| Diffusion | natural phenomenon caused by small particales spreads out evenly within any given space |
| osmosis | passive movement of water through semi-permeable membrane |
| osmosis | water moves by what? |
| Osmostic pressure | Pressure that prevents water movement by osmosis from pure water into the solution |
| if there is higher osmotic pressure of a solution what happens? | water has a greater tendency for water to move into it if the osmostic pressure is high |
| hypotonic solution | cell swells because movement of water goes into cell -cell can burst |
| isotonic solution | cell maintains same volume |
| hypertonic solution | cell loses water and shrivels - if shrivels too much, cell can be damaged and die. |
| isotonic solution | what type of solution can be injected into blood/tissue? |
| Sodium Potassium pump | actively transports NA+ and K+ in opposite directions |
| endocytosis | plasma membrane "traps" extracellular material and brings it into cell |
| pinocytosis | fluid and substances dissolved in it enter a cell - provides cell a way to move materal from membrane |
| exocystosis | large molecules (proteins), can leave cell even though they are too large to move out membrane |
| allosteric effector | an agent that changes the shape of a molecule |
| kinases | substances that convert proenzymes to active enzymes |
| 3 smaller catabolic pathways linked to form celluar respiration | glycolysis, citric cycle, electron transport system |
| types of sweat glands | eccrine and apocrine |
| Characteristics of epithelial tissue | -forms glands that screte substances into and out of body - covers and protects body surfaces - lines the interior of body cavities |
| connective and epithelial | basement membrane is composed of molecules made by what tissue? |
| characteristics of smooth muscles | having one nucleus per cell composed of walls of viscera usually not being undervoluntary control |
| astrocytes | cells that form the blood brain barrier (BBB) that protects brain from harmful substances in blood |
| Function of epithelial tissue | -absorption, secretion, protection |
| Function of skin | defense against disease organisms, temperature regulation, excretion of water and salts |
| papillary layer of dermis | produces ridges that make fingerprints |
| Five Epidermal Cell Layers | Basale, Spinosum, granulosum, lucidum , corneum |
| which cells electrically insulate axons to increase the speed of conduction? | Oligodendrocytes and schwann cells |
| Brown fat | Type of connective tissue hekps newborn maintain body temperature by producing heat |
| Dermis | known as true skin |
| hypodermis | connects dermis to underlying tissues |
| osteoclasts | cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals |
| Bones act as a reservoir for what? | calcium and phosphorus |
| Fontanels | Structures unique to fetal skull and provide additional space for molding the head shape as a baby passes through birth canal |
| Kyphosis | Condition caused by abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature |
| Functions of Bones | Support, protection, mineral storage, hemapoiesis |
| Endoplasmic reticulum and gologi apparatus | cell organelles that synthesize organic matric substances in bone formation |
| Pelvic Outlet | During childbirth, baby passes through imaginary plane called the |
| 35 to 40 years | bone loss will begin to excess bone gain between what ages ? |
| Symphysis pubis Softens | What happens to symphysis pubis before childbirth |
| hinge | Knee joint is what type of joint |
| troponin | What combines with calcium after it is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum ? |
| Glycogen | glucose can be stored in the muscles as |
| ball and socket | joint allows for widest range of movement |
| Symphysis | joint joins two pubic bones together |
| saddle | allows unique movement called opposition |
| saddle | found in thumbs |
| single unit smooth | type of muscle responsiblefor peristalsis |
| mysosin heads | aka cross bridges |
| static tension | isometric contraction |
| multiacial joint | gliding joint is an example of what joint |
| plantar flexion | opposite of dorsiflexion |
| Dorsiflexion | tilting foot upward, decreasing angle between the top of the foot and front of leg |
| ATP | energy required for muscular contraction is obtained by hydrolysis of this |
| Fast fibers | White fibers are also called what |
| Slow fibers | grey fibers are also called what |
| Synarthrosis | immovable joints |
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