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Cells Section 02

These are the key terms for Section 02 of Unit 02 - Cells

TermDefinition
Active transport The process of moving molecules across a cell membrane using energy, usually from areas of low concentration to high concentration.
Aerobic Processes that require oxygen, like aerobic respiration, which is how cells use oxygen to turn food into energy.
Anaerobic Processes that do not require oxygen, like anaerobic respiration, which is how cells get energy from food without using oxygen.
Anaphase A stage in cell division where chromosomes are pulled apart to opposite ends of the cell.
Apoptosis Programmed cell death, where cells die in a controlled way to help the body stay healthy.
ATP Adenosine triphosphate, the main energy carrier in cells, like a battery that powers cell activities.
Cancer A disease where cells grow uncontrollably and can spread to other parts of the body.
Carbon dioxide A gas that animals breathe out and plants use to make food during photosynthesis.
Cell cycle checkpoint Points in the cell cycle where the cell checks for errors and makes sure everything is ready to move to the next stage.
Cellular respiration The process by which cells break down sugar and oxygen to release energy, producing carbon dioxide and water as waste.
Concentration The amount of a substance in a certain area or volume.
Cytokinesis The final stage of cell division where the cytoplasm splits, resulting in two new cells.
Diffusion The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
Endocytosis The process by which a cell takes in materials by engulfing them in its membrane.
Equilibrium A state where the concentrations of molecules are balanced on both sides of a membrane.
Exocytosis The process by which a cell releases materials to the outside by merging a vesicle with the cell membrane.
Fermentation A way cells make energy without oxygen, producing substances like alcohol or lactic acid.
Glucose A simple sugar that is an important energy source for cells.
Gradient A difference in concentration of a substance across a space.
Homeostasis The process by which organisms maintain a stable internal environment.
Hypertonic A solution with a higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution, causing cells to shrink.
Hypotonic A solution with a lower concentration of solutes compared to another solution, causing cells to swell.
Interphase The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division.
Isotonic A solution with the same concentration of solutes as another solution, causing no change in cell size.
Metabolism All the chemical reactions that occur within an organism to maintain life.
Metaphase A stage in cell division where chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell.
Mitosis The process of cell division that splits the nucleus of the cell in two
Osmosis The movement of water molecules through a membrane from an area of high solute concentration to low solute concentration.
Oxygen A gas that is essential for most living organisms to breathe and produce energy.
Passive transport The movement of molecules across a cell membrane without using energy.
Photosynthesis The process by which plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food and oxygen.
Prophase The first stage of cell division where chromosomes become visible and the nuclear membrane dissolves.
Telophase The final stage of cell division where new nuclear membranes form around each set of chromosomes.
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