Question 1

Application of molecular method

Accepted Answer

Detect & identify specific genes;application to food authenticity and legislation;detection of microbial contamination of foods; Species identification;Detection of food constituents ingredients or contaminants;Detection of antibiotics/pesticides residues

Question 2

A molecular method that:
A DNA probe consists of the DNA sequence from an organism of
interest that can be used to detect homologous DNA or RNA
sequences.

Accepted Answer

Nucleic acid (DNA) probe

Question 3

A molecular method that: is a technique used in the lab to make millions of copies of a particular section of DNA. It was first developed in the 1980s.

Accepted Answer

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 4

A molecular method that:
 capacity to produce luminescence can be transferred to other organisms by effecting the transfer of some of these genes.

Accepted Answer

Lux Gene Luminescence

Question 5

A molecular method that: developed for the detection of salmonellae. by using the ina gene from p. syringae and genetically enginnered to bactiophages specific for salmonella, infects salmonella and incorporate the ina gene

Accepted Answer

Ice Nucleation Assay

Question 6

A molecular method that: 
common set of antigen

Accepted Answer

Serotyping

Question 7

A molecular method that: 
detect single strains of bateria – specific

Accepted Answer

phage typing

Question 8

A molecular method that: characterize organisms by the
relative mobilities under electrophoresis of a large number of
intracellular enzymes.

Accepted Answer

multilocus enzyme electrophoresis

Question 9

A molecular method that:  enzyme recognizes a unique sequence
of 4-6 bases along the DNA strand and cuts the strand at these sites.

Accepted Answer

restriction enzyme analysis

Question 10

A molecular method that: 
a powerful genotyping technique used for the separation of large DNA molecules.

Accepted Answer

pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)

Question 11

A molecular method that:
differences among individuals in the lengths of DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes

Accepted Answer

restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

Question 12

A molecular method that:
for bacterial identification and characterization that uses information from rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses.

Accepted Answer

ribotyping

Question 13

probe contains sequences that ?

Accepted Answer

code for a specific product.

Question 14

Radioisotopes

Accepted Answer

32P, 3H, 125I, and 14C

Question 15

most widely used radioisotope

Accepted Answer

32P

Question 16

In a typical probe application,
⮚ DNA fragments of unknown organisms are prepared by the use of what enzyme?

Accepted Answer

restriction endonucleases

Question 17

In a typical probe application, Separate fragment strands by

Accepted Answer

electrophoresis

Question 18

In a typical probe application,, 
Transfer the strands to ------ and hybridized to the radiolabeled probe.

Accepted Answer

cellulose nitrate filters

Question 19

In a typical probe application,, 
After gentle washing to remove unreacted probe DNA, the presence of the radiolabel is assessed by

Accepted Answer

autoradiography.

Question 20

Southern blotting was presented by

Accepted Answer

Edwin Southern in 1975

Question 21

a method to find specific sequences of DNA in DNA samples

Accepted Answer

Southern blotting

Question 22

is a laboratory technique used to identify particular RNA molecules among a mixture of RNA.

Accepted Answer

northern blot

Question 23

Probes are---- to the gene of interest and labeled with a molecular beacon

Accepted Answer

complementary

Question 24

The isotopes with the highest energy leads to the  richest/ poorest resolution because radiation spreads out further, making the NDA bands appear thicker

Accepted Answer

poorest

Question 25

In an experiment for the energy of emitters, what lowest energy radiation isotope gave the best resolution?

Accepted Answer

35s

Question 26

The colony hybridization method developed by  whom has been employed successfully to detect Listeria monocytogenes, enterotoxigenic E. coli, and Yersinia enterocolitic.

Accepted Answer

Grunstein and Hogness

Question 27

DNA probes are used in colony hybridization methods, When the starting material is RNA (e.g., RNA virus) it is converted to dsDNA by the use of ?

Accepted Answer

reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR)

Question 28

Purpose of PCR or uses

Accepted Answer

used in molecular biology to make many copies of (amplify) small
sections of DNA or a gene; a common tool used in medical and biological research labs.

Question 29

five main ingredients of PCR

Accepted Answer

DNA template to be copied, primers, DNA nucleotide bases, Taq polymerase, and buffer

Question 30

short stretches of DNA that initiate the PCR reaction, designed to bind to either side of the section of DNA you want to copy

Accepted Answer

primers

Question 31

(also known as dNTPs). DNA bases (A, C, G and T) are the
building blocks of DNA and are needed to construct the new strand of DNA

Accepted Answer

DNA nucleotide bases

Question 32

enzyme used/responsible to add in the new DNA bases

Accepted Answer

Taq polymerase

Question 33

ensure the right conditions for the reaction.

Accepted Answer

buffer

Question 34

PCR involves a process of heating and cooling called ------ ----- which is carried out by machine.

Accepted Answer

thermal cycling

Question 35

Three main stages of PCR

Accepted Answer

denaturing, annealing, and extending

Question 36

when the double-stranded template DNA is heated to separate it into two single strands as template at 94-95⁰C. This usually takes between 15-30 seconds.

Accepted Answer

Denaturing

Question 37

when the temperature is lowered at 50-65⁰C to enable the DNA primers (20 to 30 bases in length) to attach to the template DNA;  This step usually takes about 10-30 seconds.

Accepted Answer

Annealing

Question 38

when the temperature is raised to 72⁰C and the new strand of DNA is made by the Taq polymerase enzyme (from Thermus aquaticus that can tolerate above 80⁰C). It usually takes around one minute to copy 1,000 DNA bases (1Kb).

Accepted Answer

Extending

Question 39

These three processes of thermal cycling are repeated __________times to produce lots of copies of the DNA sequence of interest in relatively short period of time.

Accepted Answer

20-40  times

Question 40

primers are starting point for dna?

Accepted Answer

DNA synthesis

Question 41

two primers:

Accepted Answer

forward primers and reverse primers

Question 42

Taq polymerase is an enzyme that came from what bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Thermus aquaticus

Question 43

How many minutes does it take to copy 1,000 DNA bases (1kb)

Accepted Answer

1 minute

Question 44

is a technique by which different fragments of DNA are amplified and used for detection of large mutations d

Accepted Answer

Multiplex PRC

Question 45

is a nuclear-derived method for detecting the presence of
specific genetic material in any pathogen, including a virus. The RNA is reverse transcribed to cDNA using a specific enzyme (reverse transcriptase).

Accepted Answer

RT-PCR (- Reverse Transcription–PCR)

Question 46

Molecular beacons are single stranded hairpin shaped oligonucleotide probes. In the presence of the target sequence, they unfold, bind and fluoresce.

Accepted Answer

Molecular bacon PRC

Question 47

mainly based on the principle of amplifying rRNA or functional gene PCR products obtained from community DNA using primers containing a 50-bp GC-clamp and their separation on polyacrylamide gels.

Accepted Answer

PRC-DGGE – (Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)

Question 48

used to detect, characterize and quantify nucleic acids for numerous applications. Fluorescent labeling (dye or probe based) enables the collection of data as PCR progresses.

Accepted Answer

qPCR

Question 49

The primary genes (designated lux) for luciferase are

Accepted Answer

lux A and lux B.

Question 50

Luminescence in marine bacteria

Accepted Answer

Vibrio fischeri and V. harveyi

Question 51

In the food microbiology application of lux genes:

Accepted Answer

one starts with bacteriophages that are specific for the bacterium of interest and thus takes advantage of the highly specific relationship that exists between phages and their hosts.

Question 52

confers the organism the ability to emit light.

Accepted Answer

luciferase

Question 53

organisms harboring luciferase and fatty acid reductase genes emits ____-___ light

Accepted Answer

blue- green light

Question 54

The ina gene is from what bacterium?

Accepted Answer

Psuedomonas syringae

Question 55

The bacterial ice nucleation diagnostic (BIND) test, developed by
scientists at the ?

Accepted Answer

DNA Plant Technology Corporation

Question 56

in ice nucleation assay, formation of ice crystals at a temperature around

Accepted Answer

-9 degree celcius

Question 57

in ice nucleation assay what color indicates freezing? and thus prescence of salmonella?

Accepted Answer

green

Question 58

in ice nucleation assay what color indicates NO  freezing?

Accepted Answer

orange

Question 59

In ice nucleation assay, With salmonellae phage P22, as few as __ cells per gram can be detected within 24

Accepted Answer

25 cells/g

Question 60

These----  facilitate the freezing of water at warmer temperatures and they lead to frost damage to many field plants since they lead to supercooling at temperatures of -6 degree C or lower before nucleation becomes active

Accepted Answer

ice nucleation ina proteins

Question 61

A molecular method that: 
a PCR based technique for identifying genetic variation.

Accepted Answer

random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD

detection of orgs2b

molecular methods

Question	Answer
Application of molecular method	Detect & identify specific genes;application to food authenticity and legislation;detection of microbial contamination of foods; Species identification;Detection of food constituents ingredients or contaminants;Detection of antibiotics/pesticides residues
A molecular method that: A DNA probe consists of the DNA sequence from an organism of interest that can be used to detect homologous DNA or RNA sequences.	Nucleic acid (DNA) probe
A molecular method that: is a technique used in the lab to make millions of copies of a particular section of DNA. It was first developed in the 1980s.	Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
A molecular method that: capacity to produce luminescence can be transferred to other organisms by effecting the transfer of some of these genes.	Lux Gene Luminescence
A molecular method that: developed for the detection of salmonellae. by using the ina gene from p. syringae and genetically enginnered to bactiophages specific for salmonella, infects salmonella and incorporate the ina gene	Ice Nucleation Assay
A molecular method that: common set of antigen	Serotyping
A molecular method that: detect single strains of bateria – specific	phage typing
A molecular method that: characterize organisms by the relative mobilities under electrophoresis of a large number of intracellular enzymes.	multilocus enzyme electrophoresis
A molecular method that: enzyme recognizes a unique sequence of 4-6 bases along the DNA strand and cuts the strand at these sites.	restriction enzyme analysis
A molecular method that: a powerful genotyping technique used for the separation of large DNA molecules.	pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE)
A molecular method that: differences among individuals in the lengths of DNA fragments cut by restriction enzymes	restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)
A molecular method that: for bacterial identification and characterization that uses information from rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses.	ribotyping
probe contains sequences that ?	code for a specific product.
Radioisotopes	32P, 3H, 125I, and 14C
most widely used radioisotope	32P
In a typical probe application, ⮚ DNA fragments of unknown organisms are prepared by the use of what enzyme?	restriction endonucleases
In a typical probe application, Separate fragment strands by	electrophoresis
In a typical probe application,, Transfer the strands to ------ and hybridized to the radiolabeled probe.	cellulose nitrate filters
In a typical probe application,, After gentle washing to remove unreacted probe DNA, the presence of the radiolabel is assessed by	autoradiography.
Southern blotting was presented by	Edwin Southern in 1975
a method to find specific sequences of DNA in DNA samples	Southern blotting
is a laboratory technique used to identify particular RNA molecules among a mixture of RNA.	northern blot
Probes are---- to the gene of interest and labeled with a molecular beacon	complementary
The isotopes with the highest energy leads to the richest/ poorest resolution because radiation spreads out further, making the NDA bands appear thicker	poorest
In an experiment for the energy of emitters, what lowest energy radiation isotope gave the best resolution?	35s
The colony hybridization method developed by whom has been employed successfully to detect Listeria monocytogenes, enterotoxigenic E. coli, and Yersinia enterocolitic.	Grunstein and Hogness
DNA probes are used in colony hybridization methods, When the starting material is RNA (e.g., RNA virus) it is converted to dsDNA by the use of ?	reverse transcriptase (RT-PCR)
Purpose of PCR or uses	used in molecular biology to make many copies of (amplify) small sections of DNA or a gene; a common tool used in medical and biological research labs.
five main ingredients of PCR	DNA template to be copied, primers, DNA nucleotide bases, Taq polymerase, and buffer
short stretches of DNA that initiate the PCR reaction, designed to bind to either side of the section of DNA you want to copy	primers
(also known as dNTPs). DNA bases (A, C, G and T) are the building blocks of DNA and are needed to construct the new strand of DNA	DNA nucleotide bases
enzyme used/responsible to add in the new DNA bases	Taq polymerase
ensure the right conditions for the reaction.	buffer
PCR involves a process of heating and cooling called ------ ----- which is carried out by machine.	thermal cycling
Three main stages of PCR	denaturing, annealing, and extending
when the double-stranded template DNA is heated to separate it into two single strands as template at 94-95⁰C. This usually takes between 15-30 seconds.	Denaturing
when the temperature is lowered at 50-65⁰C to enable the DNA primers (20 to 30 bases in length) to attach to the template DNA; This step usually takes about 10-30 seconds.	Annealing
when the temperature is raised to 72⁰C and the new strand of DNA is made by the Taq polymerase enzyme (from Thermus aquaticus that can tolerate above 80⁰C). It usually takes around one minute to copy 1,000 DNA bases (1Kb).	Extending
These three processes of thermal cycling are repeated __________times to produce lots of copies of the DNA sequence of interest in relatively short period of time.	20-40 times
primers are starting point for dna?	DNA synthesis
two primers:	forward primers and reverse primers
Taq polymerase is an enzyme that came from what bacteria?	Thermus aquaticus
How many minutes does it take to copy 1,000 DNA bases (1kb)	1 minute
is a technique by which different fragments of DNA are amplified and used for detection of large mutations d	Multiplex PRC
is a nuclear-derived method for detecting the presence of specific genetic material in any pathogen, including a virus. The RNA is reverse transcribed to cDNA using a specific enzyme (reverse transcriptase).	RT-PCR (- Reverse Transcription–PCR)
Molecular beacons are single stranded hairpin shaped oligonucleotide probes. In the presence of the target sequence, they unfold, bind and fluoresce.	Molecular bacon PRC
mainly based on the principle of amplifying rRNA or functional gene PCR products obtained from community DNA using primers containing a 50-bp GC-clamp and their separation on polyacrylamide gels.	PRC-DGGE – (Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis)
used to detect, characterize and quantify nucleic acids for numerous applications. Fluorescent labeling (dye or probe based) enables the collection of data as PCR progresses.	qPCR
The primary genes (designated lux) for luciferase are	lux A and lux B.
Luminescence in marine bacteria	Vibrio fischeri and V. harveyi
In the food microbiology application of lux genes:	one starts with bacteriophages that are specific for the bacterium of interest and thus takes advantage of the highly specific relationship that exists between phages and their hosts.
confers the organism the ability to emit light.	luciferase
organisms harboring luciferase and fatty acid reductase genes emits ____-___ light	blue- green light
The ina gene is from what bacterium?	Psuedomonas syringae
The bacterial ice nucleation diagnostic (BIND) test, developed by scientists at the ?	DNA Plant Technology Corporation
in ice nucleation assay, formation of ice crystals at a temperature around	-9 degree celcius
in ice nucleation assay what color indicates freezing? and thus prescence of salmonella?	green
in ice nucleation assay what color indicates NO freezing?	orange
In ice nucleation assay, With salmonellae phage P22, as few as __ cells per gram can be detected within 24	25 cells/g
These---- facilitate the freezing of water at warmer temperatures and they lead to frost damage to many field plants since they lead to supercooling at temperatures of -6 degree C or lower before nucleation becomes active	ice nucleation ina proteins
A molecular method that: a PCR based technique for identifying genetic variation.	random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD

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