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Cell Biology S1

semester one of cell biology

TermDefinition
principles of cell biology -all organisms have 1+ cells -cell= basic unit of life -all cells come from cells
haflick limit cells enter a senescent (deterioration) phase and stop dividing
compound microscope light passes through an object, then 2+ lenses
transmission electron microscope (TEM) electron beams transmitted through specimen for detailed study of internal structure of cells
fluorescence microscopy filters allow certain wavelengths of light through- light of one wavelength is absorbed and a different wavelength is emitted
flow cytometry measuring cells while they pass through detectors 2 main parts: fluidics and optics
visible light spectrum short wavelength - high energy - 400-550nm long wavelength - low energy - 550-700nm 700+nm beyond naked eye
eukaryotic organism types -fungi -protists -yeasts
protists "all eukaryotes that are not plants/animals/fungi" -algae -protozoa (animal-like protists) -fungus-like protists
yeasts "single celled fungus" divide by budding
animal-like protists heterotrophic take in preformed carbon to power cell mostly unicellular 4 movement types: mastigophorans, sarcodines, apicomplexans, ciliates
mastigophorans (animal-like protists) move via flagella
sarcodines (animal-like protists) usually amoeboid
apicomplexans (animal-like protists) parasitic and immobile
ciliates (animal-like protists) move via cilia (cover most of surface) largest group of protozoans cilia used for movement and food gathering
paramecium (ciliates) free-living predatory reproduces asexually (binary fission) or sexually (conjugation) can have endosymbiotic algae or bacteria cilium move in flow motion
pellicle tough outer layer/membrane in ciliates
trichocysts 'barbs' containing protein threads in ciliates can be shot out for hunting/defense
dictyostelium (slime molds) single celled for part of life but come together to become multicellular using cAMP as a chemokine when cells starve settles in a spot, becomes 'slug' with spore and stalk time of starvation and cellular Ca2+levels determine if cell is stalk or spore
DNA structure usually double helix but can exist as a single stranded molecule composed of individual nucleotides supercoils and coils around histones
components of DNA nucleotides phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, nucelobase
nucleobases (pyrimidines) thymine (uracil in RNA) and cytosine
nucleobases (purines) guanine and adenine
phosphodiester bonds bonds between phosphates and sugars that hold together nucleotides linkage forms between 3' C in one base sugar and the P of the phosphate group in the complementary base, condensation reaction to form bond (water is lost) C-O-P-O-C
central dogma of gene expression 1. DNA stores the genetic code 2. DNA transcribes (transfers) the code to RNA 3. RNA code is transcribed into proteins that handle the cell's functions
DNA replication occurs in S phase of cell cycle -topoisomerase and helicase unwind the DNA helix -DNA polymerase and ligase join individual nucleotides and synthesize new DNA strands semi-conservative: one strand of the parent DNA is conserved in each new strand
regulatory elements of genes enhancers and promotors that interact with transcription factors to control where and when genes are active
stages where cells can regulate gene expression 1. transcriptional 2. post-transcriptional/translational 3. post-translational
processing of raw mRNA 1. adding a cap 2. adding a tail 3. removal of introns (splicing) processed in the nucleolus before moving to cytoplasm for translation into proteins enables nuclear export, stabilizes mRNA, aids recognition by translational ribosome complex
introns non-coding sections of DNA in between exons
alternative splicing types 1. constitutive splicing 2. exon skipping 3. alternative 5' splice site 4. alternative 3' splice site *allows for creation of 100,000+ proteins with only 20,000 human genes
types of cellular RNA mRNA:messenger:transcribe DNA code to aminoacid sequence of polypeptide tRNA:transfer:connect genetic code to aminoacid sequence in ribosomes during translation rRNA:ribosomal:w/ ribosomal proteins, make up structure of ribosomes sRNA:small:many types
5' end cap on mRNA adds a modified base connected by its 5' carbon to the 5' end of the primary transcript by a 3 phosphate bridge protects mRNA from degradation and stabilizes it
polyadenylated (adding a poly tail to mRNA) poly A polymerase enzyme trims RNA and adds a polyA 3' tail (AAAAA)
Created by: ssumnerr
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