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Gen/Evo/Div S1
semester one of genetics, evolution, and diversity
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| properties of genetic material | 1) store complex information 2) replicate faithfully 3) relatively stable 4) mutate occasionally 5) has to be translated into proteins to produce phenotypes |
| replication bubbles | at each replication fork DNA unwinds to form bubble |
| DNA synthesis | process by which new DNA is created, occurs on both strands in both directions |
| replication forks | points of DNA separation, continue outwards |
| leading strand | direction of DNA strand is the same as DNA replication DNA is synthesized continuously by DNA polymerase enzyme |
| lagging strand | direction of DNA strand is opposite as DNA replication DNA is synthesized in okazaki fragments by DNA polymerase enzyme |
| steps of DNA synthesis | 1) DNA is unwound by helicase enzyme 2) primase produced primers (short strands of complimentary RNA) 3) primers connect to unwound DNA strands to initiate synthesis 4) DNA rewinds |
| telomeres | at end of every chromosome, comprised of unimportant repeated DNA sequences |
| telomerase | extends telomeres/DNA, only in embryonic stem cells |
| hayflick limit | point at which cells in the adult body stop dividing |
| PCR | DNA replication in lab |
| anneal | heat and allow to cool slowly, used in PCR |
| sex | anatomical/biological differences between male and female |
| recombination | exchange of genetic material between chromosomes in organisms to produce offspring happens naturally during meiosis |
| meiosis order | MEIOSIS 1 interphase -prophase 1-metaphase 1- anaphase 1- telophase 1 and cytokinesis MEIOSIS 2 prophase 2- metaphase 2- anaphase 2- telophase 2 and cytokinesis |
| mitosis | newly developed DNA is separated and 2 new cells are formed |
| meiosis | reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell before reproduction, cell divides twice to form 4 haploid cells |
| homologous recombination | genetic material exchanges between 2 identical DNA molecules occurs during prophase 1 |
| interphase | cell is cell. dna copies |
| prophase 1 | chromosomes pair up recombination occurs |
| metaphase 1 | chromosomes line up at equator |
| anaphase 1 | chromosomes pull apart |
| telophase 1 and cytokinesis | cell pinches in middle and splits |
| homologous repair of double strand breaks | breaks caused by radiation or chemical mutagens homologous chromosome used as a template for repair |
| strand invasion | double stranded DNA molecules from homologous chromosomes align double strand break occurs in one molecule nucleotides are trimmed back to form 3' overhangs free 3' end invades unbroken molecule, broken end elongates allows for more genetic variation |
| loci | location of a gene on a chromosome |
| allele | specific variation of a gene |
| holliday junctions | points at which synthesizing DNA strands are cut to allow for 2 double strands to occur |
| deleterious genes | 'bad genes,' generally recessive alleles that persist in populations e.g. genes that cause diseases |
| SRY | sex determining region Y-gene |
| Y-chromosome degeneration | Y has fewer functional genes than X due to accumulation of deleterious genes |
| autosomes | chromosomes that aren't sex chromosomes, 22 pairs |
| mendel's 1st law of inheritance | law of segregation -each individual contains 2 alleles for each trait -these alleles separate during meiosis -each gamete contains only one of these alleles *exceptions: prokaryotes, clonal reproduction, haploid organisms, sex chromosomes |
| mendel's 2nd law of inheritance | law of independent assortment -alleles for separate traits are passed on independently to offspring *exceptions: clonal reproduction, genes on same chromosome (more likely to be inherited together b/c linkage) |
| mendel's 3rd law of inheritance | law of dominance -recessive allele will always be masked by dominant allele -complete dominance *exceptions: incomplete dominance, codominance |
| incomplete dominance | phenotype of heterozygote is intermediate between two homozygotes (ex. pink flower from red and white flower parents) |
| codominance | phenotype of heterozygote contains traits of both alleles (ex. black/white speckled chicken from black and white chicken parents) |
| probability | if probability of event 1 is x, probability of event 2 is y... probability of both events is xy probability of either event is x+y |
| mendelian traits | long vs short nailbeds freckles vs no freckles orange fur vs no fur |
| quantitative traits | height skin color normal distribution |
| additive genetic variation | 2+ genes contribute to same trait, produce cumulative effect |
| pliotroping | one gene affects several traits ex. w^0 gene in cats causes white color, blue eyes, and deafness |
Created by:
ssumnerr
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