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Digestive Bonus
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hydrochloric Acid (HCI): | Produced by parietal cells; strongest acid in the body converts pepsinogen into pepsin. |
| mucus: | Secreted by mucous cells; provides lubrication and protects stomach lining. |
| Intrinsic Factor | Produced by parietal cells; required for absorption of vitamin B12 |
| pepsinogen: | Inactive form of pepsin; secreted by chief cells. |
| Know the enterogastric vs. gastroenteric vs. gastrocolic reflexes. | Enterogastric Reflex: Slows stomach emptying and intestinal filling • Gastroenteric Reflex: Increase activity in the small intestine • Gastrocolic Reflex: Stomach signals colon to increase activity |
| - What are lacteals and what do they absorb? | Lacteals are lymph capillaries. Lacteals absorb lipids and fats. |
| Know the hormones gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin. | • Gastrin: increases gastric juice • Secretin: stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic juice • Cholecystokinin (CKK): decreases gastric motility |
| - Know the important types of viral hepatitis we discussed (i.e. A, B, C) and how they are transmitted. | • Hepatitis A: is transmitted through sexual contact and contaminated food or water. • Hepatitis B: is transmitted through blood, sexual contact, and sharing dirty needles. • Hepatitis C: is transmitted through sharing dirty needles. |
| Know what the following enzymes would digest: trypsin, lipase, amylase, lactase, sucrase, pepsin. | • Trypsin: digests proteins • Lipase: digests fat • Amylase: digests starch and glycogen • Lactase: digests disaccharides • Pepsin: digests proteins • Sucrase: digests disaccharides |
| Know the 4 layers of the wall of the GI tract. | • Mucous Layer • Submucous Layer • Muscularis Layer Serosa Layer |
| Major Stomach Regions | • The fundus • The body • The cardia • The pylorus |
| Major Small Intestine Regions | Duodenum Jejunum Ileum |
| Major parts of the Large Intestine | Cecum • Colon • Rectum • Anal canal |
| Where does pathological acid reflux occur? | Cardiac sphincter |
| Know the major types of teeth and what they do. What is enamel? | Incisors: bite off large pieces of food Canines: grasp and tear food Molars: grind food particles Premolars: work to guide food Enamel covers the crown of teeth |
| - What is the importance of bile? | Bile is important because it breaks down fat. |
| Where are most nutrients absorbed? What are intestinal villi vs. stomach rugae? | The small intestine. Small, finger-like projections that extend into the lumen of the small intestine. Wrinkles in the stomach that allow the stomach to stretch in order to help move food during digestion. |
| Where does the chemical digestion of carbohydrates begin | Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth with the mechanical action of chewing and the chemical action of salivary amylase. |
| Where does the chemical digestion of fats | • The digestion of certain fats begins in the mouth, where short-chain lipids break down into diglycerides because of lingual lipase. |
| Where does the chemical digestion of proteins | • The chemical digestion of proteins begins in the acidic crucible of the stomach, where hydrochloric acid is secreted along with a protease called pepsinogen. |
| Liver structure | • Largest internal organ • Located in the upper-right abdominal quadrant, just beneath the diaphragm • Reddish-brown organ • Well-supplied with blood vessels |
| Liver Functions | Detoxification • Produces glycogen from glucose • Breaks down glycogen into glucose • Converts non-carbohydrates to glucose • Oxidizes fatty acids • Synthesizes lipoproteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol • Converts excess carbohydrates and proteins int |
| Gallbladder structure | Green Hollow Highly muscular structure Pear shaped Located on the underside of the liver |
| Gallbladder Function | • Stores concentrated bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol |
| Small intestine | Duodenum, jejunum, ileum Duodenum: shortest and most fixed portion of small intestine Jejunum: middle portion, thicker and more active than ileum Ileum: distal portion; contains Peyer's patches (lymph nodules) |
| Small intestine Functions | • Digestion (chyme) • Absorption (nutrients and minerals) |
| Large intestine Functions | • Has little or no digestive function • Absorbs water, electrolytes, and digestive secretions • Forms and stores feces • Houses intestinal flora, which break down contents such as cellulose, and produce vitamins K, B12, thiamine |
| Large intestine structure | • Bands create pouches called haustra, which help form feces • Consists of cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal: • Wall of large intestine has same 4 layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa) • No villi or plicae circulares |
| cecum: | • Pouch, forms beginning of large intestine • Appendix is attached to cecum; contains lymphatic tissue |
| Stomach functions | Receives food from the esophagus • Mixes food with gastric juice • Initiates protein digestion • Has limited absorption • Moves food into small intestine |
| Stomach structure | • J shaped pouch like organ 25-30 cm long • Muscular layers (smooth muscle): circular layer (inner), longitudinal layer (outer), oblique fibers (innermost) • Lining: Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa • Parts: Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus • Sphincters |
Created by:
Brandijay92
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