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A&P Ch. 1 & 3
Veterinary Planes of reference & cell anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | Deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts. Identifies what things look like and where they are located. |
| Physiology | Deals with the function of the body and its parts. Defines how things work and what they do. |
| Planes of reference | An imaginary slice through the body. |
| Sagittal Plane | The length of the body. Divides the body into left and right halves, that are not necessarily equal. |
| Median Plane = Midline (mid-sagittal) | A type of vertical sagittal plane. Divides left and right into EQUAL halves. |
| Transverse Plane | Across the body. Divides the body into cranial and caudal parts. Not necessarily equal. |
| Dorsal plane. | Divides the body into dorsal and ventral. At right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. Not necessarily equal. (A dog standing in the water) |
| Cranial | Toward the head |
| Caudal | Toward the tail |
| Rostral | Toward the nose |
| Dorsal | Back or top surface |
| Ventral | Lower surface or belly |
| Medial | Toward the medial plane (center of the body) |
| Lateral | Away from the medial plane |
| Deep | Toward the center of the body |
| Superficial | Toward the surface of the body |
| Proximal | On extremities only! Toward the body |
| Distal | On extremities only! Away from the body |
| Bilateral Symmetry | Right and left halves are mirror images of each other |
| Dorsal body cavity | Contains the Central Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord) |
| Ventral Body Cavity | Larger than Dorsal body cavity. Contain viscera (soft organs). Divided by the diaphragm. Consists of the cranial Thoracic Cavity and caudal Abdominal Cavity. |
| Thoracic Cavity | Has pleura, which are the thin covering that protects and cushions the lungs. Consists of 2 layers. Pleural fluid fills the space between the layers. |
| Pleural Fluid | It's function is to lubricate. It allows 2 surfaces to slide over each other without causing irritation. |
| Pleurisy/Pleuritis | Inflammation of the pleura. The pleural surfaces become thickened & roughened. Therefore breathing becomes painful. |
| Abdominal Cavity | Contains the digestive tract, urinary tract, and reproductive organs. Lined by peritoneum. Has 2 layers. |
| Peritoneal Fluid | Fills the space between the 2 layers. |
| Peritonitis | The inflammation of the peritoneum. Most likely caused by a ruptured bowel. |
| Cells | Basic functional units |
| Tissue | Specialized cells grouped together. 4 types of tissue. |
| Epithelial Tissue | Covers body surfaces. Skin, lining of mouth, intestines, bladders. Contains secreting units: sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands. |
| Connective Tissue | Holds the body together and gives it support. Adipose, cartilage, bone, and blood. |
| Muscle tissue | in charge of body movement, inside and out. 3 different types. |
| Skeletal Muscle tissue | moves bones -- conscious |
| Smooth muscle tissue | moves internal organs -- automatic |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | Pumps the heart -- automatic |
| Nervous Tissue | Transmits information and controls body functions. |
| Organs | Groups of tissues that work together for a common purpose |
| Systems | groups of organs involved in a common activity |
| Homeostasis | The body's response to changing environment in an effort to remain normal. |
| Nucleus of the cell contains the... | DNA & RNA |
| The two major body cavities are the... | Dorsal and Ventral cavitites |
| 3 structures found in all mammalian cells... | cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell membrane. |
| Microscopic anatomy | structures so small, you need a microscope to see them |
| Macroscopic anatomy | large enough to see with the naked eye. |
| Regional anatomy | study individual regions of the body |
| systemic anatomy | study individual systems of the body |
| Prokaryotes | no true nucleus, no nuclear envelope, and no membrane bound organelles. Ex: Bacteria |
| Eukaryotes | All living things. Have a true nucleus, nuclear envelope, and membrane bound organelles. |
| Cell membrane | Selectively permeable outer membrane of the cell. |
| Cytoplasm | Part of the cell that is inside the cell membrane ,but outside of the nuclear envelope. |
| Organelle | Specialized structures within a cell that carry out specific functions for that cell. |
| Glycocalyx | Outer covering of the cell that aids in cell adhesion and to identify the cell by other cells |
| Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) | glycoproteins that aid in the bonding of cells and lubricating the movement of one cell past another. |
| membrane receptors | integral proteins and glycoproteins that form binding sites |
| contact signaling | cell to cell recognition that is important in immune responses to infection |
| cell mediated immune response | response to the body's cells to regulate the destruction of infectious bacteria and viruses during specific immune responses. |
| Ligand | small molecules that bond to larger chemical groups or molecules. |
| centrioles | aids in cell division |
| basal bodies | pair of centrioles that act as a base for cilia and flagella |
| cilia | hairlike processes on surface of the cell that assist in the movement of fluid, mucus, and debris across the cell surface. |
| Flagella | longer than cilia, helps move the cell through fluid. |
| Cytoskeleton | internal structure of the cell that maintains the cell shape. |
| microtubules | aid cells with rigidity and transportation. |
| Cell membrane | consists of a lipid bilayer. The hydrophilic "heads" are on the outside and the hydrophobic "tails" are on the inside. |
| Mitochondria | Power house of the cell. Produces most the the energy that fuels the cell. |
| Ribosomes | contain proteins and ribosomal RNA. Important site for protein synthesis/production. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | Series of flattened tubes stacked on one another and bent in a crescent shape. Single lipid bilayer. |
| Rough ER | has ribosomes on its surface and is involved in the production of protein outside the cell. |
| Smooth ER | involved in the synthesis and the storage of lipids. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Composed of stacks called cristae. Acts as a modification, packaging, and distribution center for molecules. Form Lysosomes. |
| Lysosomes | Formed by Golgi Apparatus. specialized visicle that contains hydrolytic enzymes enclosed in a single protective membrane. Breaks down nutrient molecules into usable smaller units and digests intracellular debris. |
| Peroxisomes | membranous sacs containing enzymes found throughout the cell. Changes free radicals to hydrogen peroxide then converts to water. Reproduce by pinching in half. Important in the detoxification of various molecules. |
| Inclusions | metabolic products that the cell has engulfed |
| Nucleus | maintains the hereditary info and controls cellular activities through protein synthesis. Consists of the nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, chromatin, and nucleolus. |
| Nuclear envelope | continuous with ER and studded with ribosomes. Nuclear pores where the 2 layers of the envelope have fused. |
| Chromatin | made of DNA and histones |
| Nucleolus | patches in the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are made |
| Intracellular fluid | fluid inside of the cell |
| Extracellular fluid | fluid outside of the cell |
| Interstitial fluid | extracellular fluid specifically found in tissues. |
| Fluids contain... | Cations (+) and anions (-). These ions are called electrolytes. Acids and bases are also electrolytes. |
| Difussion | movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low concentration. Factors that determine where a molecule can pass through a cell membrane by passive diffusion are: molecular size, lipid solubility, and molecular charge. |
| Osmosis | Movement of water into highly concentrated areas. Opposite of diffusion. |
| Osmotic pressure | the force of water moving from one side of the membrane to the other |
| Isotonic | same concentration inside and out |
| hypotonic | lower concentration outside the cell. Causes cell to go through lysis and burst. |
| hypertonic | higher concentration inside the cell. Causes the cell to go through crenation and shrink. |
| Active transport | expending cellular energy |
| Endocytosis | transports large particles/liquids into the cell by engulfing them. |
| Phagocytosis | type of endocytosis in which it engulfs solid material |
| Pinocytosis | type of endocytosis in which it engulfs liquids |
| Exocytosis | Out of the cell, packaged in vesicles by the ER and Golgi body. Releases contents into extracellular fluid. |
| Mitosis | life cycle of the cell divided into Interphase (growing cell) and Mitotic phase (cell actively divides). Stages of Mitosis: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. |
| Interphase | Period between cell divisions. (G1) Growth phase 1 - cell is getting bigger and doubling. (s) Synthetic phase - DNA replication. (G2) Growth phase 2 - centrioles complete replication. |
| Telomeres | determine the length of the cell life. Controls replication |
| Cytokinesis | division of the cytoplasm that signal the end of mitosis. |
| Control of cell division | contact inhibition, cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) |
| Protein Synthesis | Transcription and Translation |
| Transcription | genetic information in DNA is copied onto messenger RNA (mRNA) |
| Translation | Complementary nucleotides pair with the mRNA to create the protein. |
| Genetic mutations | errors in DNA replication |
| Mutagen | anything that causes genetic mutation |
| Membrane receptors | play a vital role in cell-to-cell recognition or contact signaling. |
| examples of ligands | hormones and neurotransmitters |
| components of cytoplasm | cytoskeleton, organelles, inclusions, cytosol. |
| how many mitochondria in the average mammalian cell? | It depends on the cell's activity level. Highly active cells will require more mitochondria. |
| Cell is anucleated and cannot divide, make proteins or enzymes, or repair itself... | red blood cell |
| outer layer of the nuclear membrane is continuous with the... | ER |
| Adenine, cytosine, guanine, uracil, and thymine are examples of... | nitrogenous bases found in DNA and RNA. |
| Phase of mitosis called the metabolic phase? | interphase |
| Acids and bases | acids release hydrogen ions and bases release hydroxyl ions. |
| What characteristics allow molecules to pass through membranes fairly easily? | molecules with a small diameter and lipid soluble molecules such as alcohol and steroids. |
| Which activity requires the expenditure of energy? | active transport |
| K and Na | Potassium is 10-20 times higher inside the cell and Sodium is 10-20 times higher outside the cell. |
| ATP molecules | every molecule of ATP has 2 Potassium ions and 3 Sodium ions. |
| Giant cells that gobble up debris, dead cells, and outside invaders | Macrophages |
| Exocytosis of waste products | Excretion |
| Reproductive cells divide via a process known as... | meiosis. Only have half the copies of each cell. |
| Mitosis | regular cells divide into identical copies of each other. |
| Somatic cell is actively dividing during this phase... | mitotic phase |
| Cell Differentiation | Temporary or permanent inhibition of genes in some cells ,but not others. |
| Viscera | Soft organs |
Created by:
aahughes
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