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Psychology Study
Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| According to Piaget, the first stage of cognitive development is ... | the sensorimotor stage |
| Object Permanence is a skill possessed by children | in the formal operational stage, in the preoperational stage, and at the end of the sensorimotor stage |
| Understanding that an object's mass, volume, or amount remains the same even if its appearance changes, provided that nothing is added or taken away in the process is referred to as... | conservation |
| In which of Erikson's psychosocial stages do infants learn that the world is a safe place and people can be trusted? | basic trust vs. mistrust |
| The emotional turmoil a teenager experiences when trying to establish a sense of personal identity was termed by Erik Erikson as: | Identity crisis |
| The zone of proximal development refers to | the skills children cannot yet perform on their own, but can perform if they have some help from someone who has already attained those skills. |
| ______ occurs when assistance is given to someone who needs it, but is then gradually tapered off as they perform the task on their own. | scaffolding |
| Dagan believes that laws are there for a reason and that they must be followed under all circumstances. In which stage of moral development is Dagan? | conventional |
| An individual's behavioral style or characteristic way of responding to the environment is called: | Temperament |
| Most of the children in the New York Longitudinal Study (1956) displayed a(n) | easy temperament. |
| Dustin is a child who never seems to eat or sleep on a schedule. He is described as an "intense kid" by his parents and is often irritable. Based on this information, what type of temperament does Dustin likely have? | difficult |
| The term "attachment" has been used to describe mutual: | bonding |
| According to Baumrind, what are the three major parenting styles? | authoritarian, permissive, and authoritative |
| According to Baumrind's research on parenting styles, a parent who socializes his/her child by the phrase my way or the highway is likely | an authoritarian parent. |
| According to Jean Piaget, what new capability characterizes the formal operations stage? | abstract problem solving |
| According to Erik Erikson, during young adulthood one must establish: | intimacy |
| _____ is defined by one's verbal ability and overall fund of knowledge. | crystallized intelligence |
| According to Erikson, people who have achieved healthy development that includes intimacy and generativity will likely end their life with: | ego integrity |
| The Kübler-Ross theory of death and dying claims that the last stage before death is: | acceptance |
| The underlying process that initiates, directs, and sustains behavior in order to satisfy physiological and psychological needs is called: | motivation |
| Students who study hard because they find the subject interesting are driven by: | intrinsic motivation |
| Which of the following views suggests that our biological needs give rise to unpleasant states of tension or arousal that push us into action? | drive-reduction theory |
| According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, successful performance on a simple task requires | high arousal |
| Which of the following is NOT a genetic explanation for the variation in body weight among individuals? | temporal lobe damage |
| The three components of emotions are: | behavorial, physiological, cognitive |
| Which of the following theories of emotion suggests that the physiological response occurs simultaneously with the emotion? | Cannon-bard theory |
| Which theory of emotion claims that we make a cognitive appraisal of the event and then our body responds with arousal? | Lazarus Theory |
| Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard claim that our basic emotions are: | Inborn and universal across cultures |
| Awareness of our own emotions, the ability to manage our emotions, and self-motivation are considered to be components of: | emotional intelligence |
| Which of the following is correct regarding the order of the sexual response cycle? | excitment phase, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution phase |
| _______ refers to the feelings of sexual attraction, desire, and preference an individual has toward others. | sexual orientation |
| _______ refers to the overall manner in which a person thinks, behaves and feels. | personality |
| According to Freud, the most important and influential level of awareness is the: | unconscious |
| Information to answer the question "What color is your vehicle?" would be located in ______ according to the psychoanalytic theory. | preconscious |
| In psychoanalytic theory, since the _______ is the rational part of the personality, it sometimes plays referee between the wishes of the _______ and the _______. | ego, id, supergo |
| Strategies used by the ego to help reduce the anxiety caused by too much conflict between the id and superego are called | defense mechanism |
| "No girls allowed," "boys have cooties," "yuck, they're kissing!" are all comments typical of children in the _______ stage of psychosexual development. | latency |
| In Jung's theory, the inherited part of the personality that stores the universal experiences of mankind is the: | collective unconscious |
| Alfred Adler's theory is called _______ because of the emphasis on the wholeness of the person. | individual psychology |
| The neurotic personality and feminine psychology were two of the main themes in the work of: | Karen Horney |
| Which of the following is NOT a characteristic in self-actualizing individuals? | personal strife |
| The notion that "I'll feel warmly toward you and respect you ONLY IF..." suggests | conditions of worth |
| Creating an environment where someone is accepted and not judged, no matter what, exemplifies | unconditional positive regard |
| In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential, or to be all one can be, is termed: | self actualization |
| Which psychologist believed that individuals often do not become fully functioning persons because, in childhood, they fail to receive unconditional positive regard from the parents? | Carl Rogers |
| Loukas is a researcher who has spent his career studying personality in terms of characteristics and descriptions that are stable across time. Loukas is likely a _______. | trait theorist |
| Which of the following is NOT considered one of the Big Five? | sociability |
| Albert Bandura proposed that personality results from an interaction of personal factors, like attitudes and cognitions, with environmental situations. Bandura called this interaction: | reciprocal determinism |
| Studies on personality and culture reveal which of the following? | Guatemala and Ecuador have the highest degree of collectivism. |
| The Rorschach Inkblot Test and the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are examples of what kind of tests? | Projective test |
| All of the following are true of projective tests, EXCEPT | Projective tests are completely objective. |
| Mental processes and/or behavior patterns that cause emotional distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning are defined as: | psychological disorders |
| The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, is a manual published by the American Psychiatric Association which describes the criteria used to classify and diagnose: | mental disorders |
| Psychological disorders characterized by frequent thoughts about what might happen in the future are called: | anxiety disorders |
| ______ is characterized by an overwhelming fear of being in a situation where escape is not possible or a fear that no one would be able to provide assistance if something terribly anxiety-provoking occurred. | agoraphobia |
| An intense fear of being humiliated or criticized by others in social situations is the basic idea behind | social phobia |
| A(n) _______ is an unwanted, intrusive, and often unpleasant thought that causes an increase in anxiety. | obsession |
| An irrational act that a person feels driven to perform repeatedly is called: | compulsion |
| Extreme sadness, despair, a feeling of "slowing down," and problems in eating and sleeping characterize which of the following disorders? | major depressive disorder |
| The most common of the serious mood disorders is: | major depressive disorder |
| Monteil has periods in which he is so depressed that he becomes suicidal. At other times he is energetic and euphoric. He would probably receive a diagnosis of: | bipolar disorder |
| Bizarre thinking and behaviors in addition to disturbances in perception, emotion, and social interaction suggest the presence of | schizophrenia |
| Annie is unable to tell the difference between what is real versus what is not real. Annie's loss of contact with reality is referred as | psychosis |
| Mattie is convinced that her neighbors are trying to poison her by sending a deadly gas through her vents. Mattie is displaying | delusion of persecution |
| All of the following are negative symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT | derailment |
| ______ is marked by bizarre behaviors, hallucinations, delusions, incoherent speech, and inappropriate affect. | disorganized schizophrenia |
| Periods of immobility, unresponsiveness, poor hygiene, and unusual postures suggest the presence of | catatonic schizophrenia |
| ______ is the diagnosis given when a person clearly exhibits symptoms of schizophrenia, but those symptoms make up more than one type or don't add up to a specific type of schizophrenia at all. | undifferentiated schizophrenia |
| Which disorder occurs when psychological distress manifests itself as a physical illness or injury? | somatoform disorders |
| Sometimes under tremendous stress, a person disconnects from his/her consciousness and becomes parts versus one whole. This category of disorders is referred to as the _______. | dissociative disorders |
| ______ occurs when an individual suddenly moves away and assumes a new identity, seemingly unaware of the previous one. | dissociative fugue |
| Disorders with a sexual basis that are destructive, guilt- or anxiety-producing, compulsive, or a cause of discomfort or harm to one or both parties involved are called: | sexual disorders |
| The area of psychology that focuses on how people are influenced by the real, imagined, or implied presence of others is called: | social psychology |
| When we attempt to explain the cause of someone's behavior, we are utilizing _______. | attribution |
| When a person assigns causes to another individual's behavior and assumes that the behavior is due to that individual's personal characteristics, a(n) _______ is made. | dispositional attribution |
| Self-serving bias refers to our tendency to use: | dispositional attribution for our successes, and situational attribution for our failures |
| The term that refers to the fact that interpersonal attraction is influenced by the physical closeness of people's living quarters is: | proximity |
| The matching hypothesis suggests that: | We are mostly likely to end up with a person of similar physical attractiveness, and other assets. |
| According to Robert Sternberg's Triangular Theory of Love, the three basic components of love are the following: | Passion, intimacy, and commitment |
| Changing one's behavior or thinking in order to go along with the group or to fit another's expectation is referred to as _______. | conformity |
| Which of the following researchers led a classic study on conformity? | Asch |
| When a person performs an action simply because an authority figure has given an order, the term that describes the behavior is: | Obedience |
| Which of the following accurately summarizes Milgram's "study of memory and learning"? | 65% of the subjects administered the highest possible shocks |
| Based on Milgram's studies of obedience, it can be concluded that: | The tendency to follow authority is strong |
| What is the term for the strategy used to gain first a favorable response to a small request, with the intent of making a person more likely to agree later to a larger request? | foot-in-the-door technique |
| When an individual, who is part of a larger group, chooses to put forth less effort than other group members, _______occurs. | social loafing |
| Diffusion of responsibility deals with the effects of which of the following on helping behavior? | the number of bystanders |
| _____ can occur when individuals who are part of a group focus on preserving group solidarity at the expense of considering all possible alternatives or even failing to use rational thought in the process. | groupthink |
| _____ refers to the relatively stable view we hold of people, objects, or issues learned by direct experience or vicariously via others and/or the media. | attitudes |
| When an individual purposely tries to change your view on something or change your behavior, he/she is utilizing | persuasion |
| Of the following choices, the best definition of aggression is: | intentionally inflicting physical or psychological damage on another |
| Which of the following factors offer a biological explanation for aggression? | low arousal of the autonomic nervous system |
| The frustration-aggression hypothesis suggests that: | frustration produces aggression |
| _____ occurs when an individual aims his/her aggression toward an innocent target. | scapegoating |
| Research shows that all of the following factors play a role in aggression EXCEPT | empathy |
| Prejudice is to _______ as discrimination is to _______. | attitude, behavior |
| Which theory of prejudice is based on the idea that people tend to form in-groups and out-groups? | us v.s. them theory |
| The realistic conflict theory would predict that the amount of prejudice would: | likely increase during economic recession |
| Based on research regarding the perception of racism in the United States, in which of the following areas of life does racism still linger? | In all of the areas |
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