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Anatomy Nervous S.
Exam 3 Suggested Material
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The neural tube. | The beginning of the brain. |
| Primary Brain Vesicles | Prosencephalon (forebrain), Mesencephalon (midbrain), Rhombencephalon (hindbrain), and neural canal. |
| The Prosencephalon develops into? | The Telencephalon and Diencephalon. |
| The Telencephalon neural canal derivitive? | The lateral ventricles. |
| The Diencephalon neural canal derivitive? | Third Ventricle |
| Structure within the telencephalon region? | Cerebrum |
| Structure within the diencephalon region? | Epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus. |
| Mesencephalon's neural canala derivative? | Cerebral aqueduct. |
| Structure in the mesencephalon? | Cerebral peduncles, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi. |
| Neural canal of the metencephalon? | Anterior part of fourth ventricle. |
| Structure in the metencephalon? | Pons and cerebellum. |
| Neural canal of the myelencephalon? | Posterior part of the fourth ventricle; central canal |
| Structure in the myelencephalon? | Medulla oblongata. |
| Astrocytes | The most common glial cell. Large, helps form the blood brain barrier. Replaces damaged neurons, regulates tissue fluid composition and more. |
| Ependymal cell | A glial cell that helps in production and circulation of CSF. |
| Microglial cell | Least common type of glial cell, small. Phagocytizes waste, pathogens, debris. |
| Oligodendrocyte | Rounded cell. Myelinates and insulates CNS axons. |
| Ganglion | Cluster of neuron cell bodies within the PNS. |
| Center | Group of CNS neuron cell bodes with a common function. |
| Nucleus | Center that displays discrete anatomic boundaries |
| Nerve | Axon bundle extending through the PNS |
| Nerve plexus | Network of nerves |
| Tract | CNS axon bundle in which the axons have a similar function and share a common origin and destination |
| Funiculus | Group of tracts in a specific area of the spinal cord. "Column." |
| Pathway | Centers and tracts that connect the CNS with body organs and systems. |
| Tentorium Cerebelli | Like a tent, it covers the cerebellum region. Separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum. |
| Falx Cerebelli | Extension of dura mater that separates the cerebellar hemispheres. |
| Falx Cerebri | The extension of the dura mater that protrudes into the longitudinal fissure, and separates the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum. |
| Diaphragma sella | Thin extension of dura mater, protects pituitary gland. (PITuitary gland.) |
| How many brain ventricles? | 4. 2 big lateral ventricles, then the 3rd and 4th more inferiorly. |
| What is the cerebral aquaduct? | The connection between the 3rd and 4th ventricles. |
| Location of the 4th ventricle? | Between the pons and the cerebellum. |
| What separates the two lateral ventricles? | Sellum pellucidum. |
| Location of the two lateral ventricles? | In the cerebrum. |
| Where is the 3rd ventricle located? | In the dencephalon. |
| The interventricular foramen of MORO? | Serves as a communication link between the 3rd ventricle and the lateral ventricles. |
| What other foramina/apertures are there associated with the ventricles? | The apertures of Magendi. There are two lateral and medial foramen, in the 4th ventricle. Slightly higher than the foramen magnum. |
| Which foramina are related to hydrocephalis? | The apertures of megendi. |
| Describe circulation of CSF. | CSF produced in the choroid plexus circulates through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space. Fluid does not accumulate, but is constantly removed. |
| What is the function of CSF? | To remove waste pdts and provide buoyancy to support the brain. |
| Where does excess CSF go? | Into the arachnoid villi, draining into dural venous sinuses. |
| List the layers of the spinal cord from outter to inner. | Vertebra, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid, subarachnoid space, pia mater. |
| What are the meninges? | Dura mater, Arachnoid and Pia Mater. They envelope the CNS. |
| Which meninge houses the blood vessels? | The arachnoid. |
| What is the most important meninge? | The subarachnoid space. This is where a sample is taken from for meningitis or pressure. |
| Where is the spinal cord located? | From the level of the foramen magnum, to L2. |
| Major enlargements of the SC? | There are 2. Cervical enlargement and the lumbar enlargement. |
| How many spinal nerves? | 31 pairs of spinal nerves. |
| What are the three tissue wrappings of spinal nerves? | Epineurium (around the nerve), perineurium (around the vascicle) and the endoneurium (around the axon.) |
| Are motor axons anterior or posterior? | The root is anterior. |
| Where are the sensory roots? | Posteriorly located. |
| How many spinal nerves per region of the SC? | Cervical = 8. Thoracic = 12. Lumbar = 5. Sacral = 5. Coccyx = 1. |
| What is unique about the spinal nerves of the cervical region? | They are always above the associated vertebra. |
| What is the cauda equina? | The "horse's tail." A group of nerves, left and right, with central bigger nerve called the Filum Terminale. |
| What does the cauda equina connect to? | It is inferior to the Conus medullaris. |
| Where is the lumbar enlargement in relation to the conus medullaris? | Just superior to it. |
| Where does the CSF stop and why? | At S2, because that's where the dural sac ends. The filum terminale penetrates in and out of this sac, going down to the cervical plexus. |
| How many nerves form the cervical plexus? | 4. C1-C4. The cervical plexus controls the face and neck. |
| Brachioplexus consists of which nerves? | Usually C5-T1. |
| Where is the cervical enlargement? | Between C6 and C7. |
| List the nerves of the brachioplexus in order of smallest to largest. | Axillary, musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, radial. A miniscule ugly mouse rodent. |
| Where does the median nerve insert? | Between the thenar and hypotenar eminences. |
| What syndrome is the median nerve associated with? | Carpal tunnel syndrome. |
| What makes the radial nerve bigger? | Cervial nerves. |
| Where is the gray matter located in the spinal cord? | In the center. |
| What is in the very center of the spinal cord? | The central canal. |
| What are the three horns of the central canal? | Lateral, anterior and posterior. |
| What are two outer structures of the spinal cord that are important? | The posterior median sulcus and the anterior median fissure. |
| How many funiculi? | One pair for each horn. Lateral, posterior and anterior pairs = 6 total. |
| The spinal cord is what kind of nerve? | A mixed nerve. |
| Condolusion is another name for ... ? | A gyrus (which is the ridge associated with a sulcus.) |
| Identify a MOTOR fiber from spinal cord. | A root that has no enlargement. |
| Identify a SENSORY fiber from spinal cord. | A root posteriorly located with enlargement / ganglion. |
| The three cords of the brachioplexus are the Lateral, posterior and medial cords. How do they branch off? | They snake under the clavicle, across the anterior portion of the scapula. Then they branch off into the 5 different nerves. (Axe the Miniscule Ugly Meddling Rodent.) |
| Describe the bracioplexus nerves in terms of deep and superficial. | The axillary and radial nerves are deep to the bones for the most part, and all others are superficial. |
| Who are the president and vice president of the endocrine system? | The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. |
| Where is the pituitary gland housed? | In the sellae turcica of the sphenoid bone. |
| How many parts to the pituitary gland? | Even though it's a small little guy, it has TWO parts! Wow! The anterior and posterior. |
| What are other names for the anterior and posterior portions of the pituitary? | Adenohypothesis and Neurohypothesis (A for Anterior.) |
| How many hormones for the anterior pituitary / adenohypothesis? | 7. ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, PRL, Growth and MSH. |
| Describe ACTH. (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) | It targets the adrenal cortex, stimulates the cortical part of the adrenal gland. It stimulates the production of corticosteroid hormones. |
| Describe FSH. (Follicle-stimulating hormone.) | It targets the ovaries / testes. Affects females by stimulating growth of ovarian follicles. Affects males by stimulating sperm production. |
| Describe LH. (Luteinizing hormone.) | It targets M/F Ovaries/Testes. Stimulates ovulation, estrogen and progesterone synthesis in corpus luteum. Stimulates androgen synthesis in testes. |
| Describe TSH. (Thyroid-stimulating hormone.) | It targets the thyroid gland, and affects the thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion. |
| Describe growth hormone. | It targets every cell in the body, and stimulates metabolism. |
| Describe MSH. (Melanocyte-stimulating hormone.) | It targets skin cells, and simulates the synthesis of melanin and distributes that to skin cells. |
| Pneumonic to remember the 7 hormones of anterior pituitary | Angry Fish Love To Put Gills in Mud (ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH, PRL, Growth, MSH.) |
| Describe PRL. (Prolactin) | It targets organs of reproductive tracts (mammary and interstitial cells in testes and mammary). It stimulates milk production and may play a role in sensitivity of interstitial cells to LH. |
| How many hormones in the posterior pituitary? | 2. ADH (antidiuretic) and OT (Oxytocin.) |
| Describe ADH. (Antidiuretic hormone.) | It is also called vasopresin, because it constricts vessels. It stimulates the reabsorption of water in the kdneys. It targets kidney and smooth muscle. It can increase BP. |
| Describe OT. (Oxytocin) | It is called the cuddling hormone. It targets females in the uterus, and mammary glands. Males in the smooth muscle of male repro. tract. |
| Describe OT FUNCTION. | It stimulates milk ejection, smooth muscle contraction in uterine wall. Stimulates contraction of sm. muscle in repro. tract, eject sperm, orgasm. |
| How many Thyroid gland hormones? | 2. They are Thyroid Hormone (TH), Calitonin. |
| Describe TH. (Thyroid Hormone.) | TH targets most body cells and increases metabolism, oxygen use and energy use. It increases rate of development. Is related to graves disease. |
| Describe Calcitonin. | It decreases blood Ca levels by stimulating osteoblasts, depositing Ca in bones. Targets bone and kidney. |
| Describe PTH (Parathyroid hormone.) | PTH targets bone, small intestine and kidney. It increases Ca levels in blood by promoting bone resorption (osteoclasts.) |
| Adrenal Gland hormones? | There are 3. Salt, Sugar and Sex. Mineralocorticoids, gluccogorticoids and Gonadocorticoids. |
| Describe Mineralocorticoids. | They target kidney cells, regulating electrolyte comp and conc. |
| Describe Gluccocorticoids. | They target liver cells, stimulating lipid and protein metabolism ... regulating blood glucose levels. |
| Describe Gonadocorticoids. | They target sex organs, synthesizing protein in sex organ cells. |
| Pneumonic for The Vescicles: | Pros Mess 'Round. Telephoned Dianna, Messed and Met with Mya. (Proscen, mesen, Rhomben. Telen, Dien, Mesen, Meten, Myelen.) Late turd, duck four your butt. Bum ETH peduncle collic, pawns of bella's, medusa. |
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biochick
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