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BIOL 201 exam 2
review for lecture exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| bone cell: osteocyte | maintains bone tissue in lacunea |
| passive transport | movement of a substance across the cell membrane with no energy required from the cell |
| what is diffusion | it is due to kinetic energy, moves with the concentration gradient, and moves from high to low concentration |
| types of transport | simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, primary active transport, secondary active transport: (symport) (antiport) |
| what are the transport vessicles where ATP is required | phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and exocytosis |
| what is an electrochemical gradient | it is the sum of electrical and chemical gradients for an ion |
| what is equilibrium potential | specific membrane potential for each ion that creates an electrochemical gradient equal and opposite to the chemical gradient |
| what are local potentials | small, local changes in the cell's membrane potential, ion channels open and close and are used for short distances |
| what are action potentials | they are triggered by local potentials, and they travel down the entire axon |
| what is the refractory period | it is a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired (there are 2 types) |
| what is an electrical synapse | ions communicate through gap junctions (also known as electrical synapses), cells are almost touching, happens in smooth cardiac muscle |
| what is a chemical synapse | chemical communication, where cells are farther apart, happens in nerves |
| what are postsynaptic potentials | action potential fires in a postsynaptic neuron if there is enough excitatory local potential to occur |
| hyaline cartilage in in the bones | found between joints, between sternum and ribs, and found in nose and trachea |
| function of cartilage in the bone | supports soft tissues, articulations, and is a precursor for bone growth |
| long bone | bone is longer than it is wide |
| what is the periostenum | lines internal surfaces of bones, tough fibrous connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves, and attaches to underlying bone by perforating fibers |
| what is the endosteum | lines the inner surfaces of the bones |
| bone cell: osteogenic cell | stem cells in the endosteum and periosteum and become osteoblasts |
| types of bone | spongy and compact |
| what is an osteon | organizing structure in the bone |
| what is bone formation called | ossification, it begins in the embryo and continues through adulthood |
| bone repair steps | 1. a hematoma (blood) fills the gap 2. soft callus (cartilage) forms 3. osteoblasts build bone cartilage 4. bone callus is remodeled and the primary bone is replaced with a secondary bone |
| active transport | is the movement of a substance across a cell membrane, and energy is required |
| cytosol | is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm |
| extracellular fluid | is the fluid outside of the cell |
| concentration gradient | the difference in concentrations between 2 areas |
| types of membrane proteins | channel, carrier, pump, Na/K pump |
| osmosis | is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane, moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration (follow the solute) |
| what is the internal molarity of cells | 300 mOsm or 0.3 Osm |
| isotonic | solution had the same concentration as the cell |
| hypotonic | solution has lower concentration than the cell |
| hypertonic | solution has a higher concentration than the cell |
| membrane potential | the electrical gradient caused by the separation of charges across cell membranes |
| what is an electrical gradient | charge inside the cell is negative, and positive ions are attracted and move into the cell and negative ions repel and are then pushed out of the cell |
| what is a chemical gradient | K has a higher concentration in the cell and moves out and Na has a higher concentration outside the cell and moves into the cell |
| leak channel | always open |
| ligand-gated channel | opens/closes with a specific binding of a specific chemical ligand |
| voltage-gated channel | open/closes with a change in membrane potential |
| what is a resting membrane potential | the membrane potential when a cell is not being stimulates (at -70 mV) |
| depolarization | positive charges in the membrane potential will become more or less negative |
| repolarization | membrane potential will become more or less positive |
| hyperpolarization | membrane potential becomes more or less positive |
| threshold | level at which depolarization of the membrane potential triggers an action potential |
| absolute refractory period | nothing can cause a new action potential to occur |
| relative refractory period | only an extra strong stimulus can cause an action potential |
| what is a synapse | a junction where presynaptic neurons communicate with thier target cells |
| termination of synaptic transmission | terminated when neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft degrade, undergo reuptake or are diffused |
| what is degradation | destruction |
| what is reuptake | pumped back into the cell |
| what is diffusion | diffuses away |
| types of cartilage found in bone | hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic |
| fibrocartilage in bone | found in intervertebral disc, and pubic symphysis |
| elastic cartilage in bone | found in the ear and epiglottis |
| short bone | bone is about as long as it is wide |
| flat bone | bone is broad, flat, and thin |
| irregular bone | bones shape does not fit into other classes |
| sesamoid bone | round, flat bone, found within tendons |
| bone cell:osteoblast | (build), form a bone matrix, bone builders/deposition become osteocytes |
| bone cell:osteoclast | bone resorption, bone breakers, multinucleated, and prevents bone overgrowth |
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