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A&P exam #2
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Vesicular transport process | -molecules are transported between different membrane-bound organelles within a cell by membrane-enclosed sacs called vesicles |
| calcium ions are stored in what organelle | -sarcoplasmic reticulum/Smooth Er |
| plasma membrane | known as the cell membrane, barrier surrounding a cell, composed primarily of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, which controls the passage of substances into and out of the cell, |
| -Tight Juctions: | Function:Form a barrier to prevent leakage of fluids between cells,Location:Commonly found in epithelial tissues lining organs like the stomach and bladder.Mechanism: Tightly packed proteins between cell membranes create a seal. |
| Gap junctions | Function: Allow for direct communication between cells by facilitating the passage of ions and small molecules.Location: Primarily found in tissues |
| Desmosomes | Function: Provide strong adhesion between cells, anchoring them to each other to withstand mechanical stress.Location: Present in tissues subjected to high tension, like skin and muscle.Mechanism: |
| What will a hypotonic solution do to a cell | -causes a cell to swell and eventually burst |
| Centrioles and centrosomes | -cylindrical structures within a larger organelle called the centrosome, and they play a critical role in organizing microtubule arrangement within a cell by acting as the primary microtubule-organizing centers |
| cell inclusions | -non-living substances found in the cytoplasm of cells that are made up of molecules such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and calcium. |
| Mitochondria | the "powerhouse of the cell" primary function is to generate the majority of the cell's chemical energy in the form of ATP through a process called oxidative phosphorylation |
| Peroxisomes | detoxify a cell by breaking down harmful substances like toxins and very long chain fatty acids through oxidation reactions,they also play a role in lipid metabolism and the synthesis of certain phospholipids crucial for cell membranes |
| "second messengers that are usually what? | -"second messengers" which are typically small, hydrophilic molecules like ions (e.g., calcium) or cyclic nucleotides (e.g., cAMP), |
| Golgi | -a cell organelle that processes and packages proteins and lipids for use inside and outside the cell.The Golgi apparatus is located in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, close to the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum |
| What are genes | the basic units of heredity, made up of DNA sequences that contain instructions for producing specific proteins, which ultimately determine our physical traits essentially, they are the "code |
| Crenation or swelling of a cell are seen what tonicity | -hypertonic solution, while swelling of a cell is seen in a hypotonic solution; a cell will crenate (shrink) when placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration and swell when placed in a solution with a lower solute concentration |
| Know the cell theories | -all living things are composed of one or more cells, cells are the basic unit of life, and all cells come from pre-existing cells |
| what is the function of cholesterol in the plasma membrane bilayer? If the cholesterol is increased what effect would it cause to the plasma membrane? | -Cholesterol in the plasma membrane bilayer acts as a "fluidity buffer,"make the membrane less fluid, particularly at high temperatures, by restricting phospholipid movement and potentially affecting the function of membrane proteins |
| The movement of water across the plasma membrane is by what type of transport | -osmosis/passive transport |
| The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) or stomach smooth muscles have what kind of junctions | Gap Junctions |
| A cell engulfing particle what cell transport name types can we use to explain each? Is it | phagocytosis |
| A cell engulfing fluid what cell transport name type can we use to explain each? Is it pinocytosis or phagocytosis | -Pinocytosis |
| The three major parts of a cell are | -the nucleus, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope. |
| The major components of the cell membrane are | -phospholipids and proteins |
| ATP affected what organelle is affected | Mitochondria |
| lysosome | a membrane-bound organelle in a cell that contains enzymes that break down biological polymers, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids |
| The nucleolus contains what | -ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and proteins |
| When there is a surplus of dietary carbohydrates, they are converted to lipids through lipogenesis. Where are they synthesized in a cell? | -in the cytoplasm and smooth endoplasmic reticulum of liver and adipose cells |
| Red blood cells in hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions | When placed in a hypotonic solution, red blood cells will swell and potentially burst.in an isotonic solution, they will remain normal.and in a hypertonic solution, they will shrink as water moves out of the cell into the surrounding solution |
| The environment outside the plasma membrane is most appropriately referred to as what? The environment inside the plasma membrane is referred to as what? | -extracellular fluid (ECF) |
| Glycolipids and Glycoproteins and what they contain | -Glycolipids and glycoproteins are macromolecules that contain carbohydrates, or sugars, and are found on the outside of cell membranes. |
| Plasma membrane phospholipids | -are the primary building blocks of the cell membrane |
| Centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during mitotic | -Centromeres of replicated chromosomes separate during the anaphase stage of mitosis. |
| ions that follow the concentration gradient, but require a membrane protein for passage is what transport type | -facilitated diffusion |
| The second most abundant of the lipids in the plasma membrane is/are | -cholesterol |
| The predominant lipid in the cell membrane | -a phospholipid |
| Membrane proteins that extend into the lipid bilayer are | -integral membrane proteins |
| Channel proteins | -transmembrane proteins that allow substances to pass through cell membranes |
| Name for the type of membrane proteins can catalyze chemical reactions on the inner or outer surfaces of the plasma membrane? | -an enzyme. |
| know membrane proteins types that have an exposed site on the outer cell surface that can attach to a ligand? | -receptor proteins |
| Symport | Moves two or more molecules in the same direction across a membrane. |
| In the process of diffusion | molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| oxygen moving through the alveoli of the lungs into the bloodstream is an example of what | -diffusion |
| Antiport | Moves two or more molecules in opposite directions across a membrane |
| channel proteins | facilitate passive transport by providing a pore for molecules to diffuse through |
| carrier protiens | can be involved in both active and passive transport, binding to specific molecules and changing shape to move them across the membrane. |
| oxygen moving through the alveoli of the lungs into the bloodstream is an example of what | -diffusion |
| What type of membrane proteins allow cells to identify other cells | -glycoproteins |
| Cytoplasm | -the jelly-like fluid that fills the inside of a cell, essentially the material within a cell membrane excluding the nucleus, where most of the cell's chemical reactions occur; |
| Active transport | -an energy-driven process where membrane proteins transport molecules across cells, |
| The cytoskeleton are what? | -The cytoskeleton of a cell is made up of microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments. These structures give the cell its shape and help organise the cell's parts. |
| what organelle controls cell | -the nucleus |
| where are ribosomes made | -inside the nucleus |
| mRNA is affected what will affected | -defects in protein synthesis,lead to the production of toxic proteins. |
| The cytoplasm components | -cytosol (a gel-like fluid), organelles (the cell's internal structures), and various cytoplasmic inclusions; with the majority of cytoplasm being composed of water, proteins, carbohydrates, salts, sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides. |
| effect of absence of a cytoskeleton in a cell what cause what | -cell dysfunction and potentially cell death due to the lack of internal support and organization |
| Ribosomes | -molecular machines found in all cells that synthesize proteins,Ribosomes are responsible for translating the genetic code of messenger RNA (mRNA) into amino acids, which are then linked together to form polypeptide chains |
| A cell with abundant peroxisomes would be seen in what kind of body function | kidney/urinary system |
| Organelle of a cell involved in sorting and packaging | -Golgi apparatus |
| organelles of cells involved in locomotion | -flagella and cilia |
| Microvilli does what | -play an important role in the digestion and absorption of intestinal contents by enlarging the absorbing surface approximately 25 times. |
| The transfer of information from DNA being passed unto mRNA | transcription. |
| Mitosis results in what | -the production of two genetically identical daughter cells from a single parent cell, meaning each new cell has the same exact copy of chromosomes as the original cell. |
| The correct sequences that leads to protein synthesis as in DNA to RNA to Protein, what are these processes called | transcription and translation |
| In metaphase | -the chromosomes of a cell line up in the middle of the cell, along an imaginary plane called the metaphase plate, during the process of cell division |
| In prophase | the cell is getting ready to divide by organizing its genetic material into visible chromosomes. |
| White blood cells digest other cells and so would be expected to | -have a large number of lysosomes |
| Molecules that serve as chemical signals to open or close gated ion channels are | -ligands |
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