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Chapter 11 - ANT2410
Political Organization
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| lacking a government head/chief | acephalous |
| specialized associations based on age which stratify a society by seniority | age grades |
| group of people of similar age & sex who move through some/all of life’s stages together | age set |
| ability to cause others to act based on characteristics such as honor, status, knowledge, ability, lineage, respect/holding of formal public office | authority |
| small group of people related by blood/marriage, who live together & are loosely associated w/territory in which they forage; nuclear family | band |
| self-made leader who gains power through personal achievements rather than through political office | bigman |
| society w/social ranking in which political integration is achieved through office of centralized leadership called the chief; typical political organization of rank society | chiefdom |
| membership in a state | citizenship |
| society in which no individual/group has more privileged access to resources, power/prestige than any other | egalitarian society |
| perceived cultural attributes by which ethnic groups distinguish themselves from others | ethnic boundaries |
| categories of people who see themselves as sharing ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups/larger society | ethnic groups |
| perceived differences in culture, national origin, & historical experience by which groups of people are distinguished from others in same social environment | ethnicity |
| informal alliances within well-defined political units such as lineages, villages/organizations | factions |
| deliberate & systematic extermination of a national, racial, political/cultural (ethnic) group | genocide |
| interrelated set of status roles that become separate from other aspects of social organization, such as kinship, in exercising control over a population | government |
| dominance of political elite based on close identification between their own goals & those of larger society | hegemony |
| groups of people who have occupied region for long time & recognized by other groups as its original/very ancient inhabitants | indigenous peoples |
| indigenous peoples are often __ with little influence in the government of __ that controls their land | minorities; nation-state |
| __ societies designated as bands, tribes/chiefdoms that occupied their land prior to __ contact | small-scale; European |
| means of social control & dispute management through systematic application of force by politically constituted authority | law |
| ability to direct an enterprise/action | leadership |
| form of managing disputes that uses offices of 3rd party to achieve voluntary agreement between disputing parties | mediation |
| sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having distinctive national culture & historical experience | nation-state |
| shared beliefs & values that legitimize distribution & use of power in particular society | political ideology |
| patterned ways in which power is legitimately used in society to regulate behavior | political organization |
| ways in which individuals & groups use power to achieve public goals | political process |
| ability to control resources in one’s own interest & to cause individuals/groups to take actions that they may prefer not to take on their own accord | power |
| society characterized by institutionalized differences in prestige but no important restrictions on access to basic resources | rank society |
| attempt of group within society to force redistribution of resources & power; reallocate resources within existing political structure | rebellion |
| people who have been uprooted from native lands & forced to cross national boundaries | refugees |
| attempt to overthrow existing form of political organization & put another type of political structure in its place | revolution |
| W African societies whose membership & rituals are known only to society members; most significant function is the initiation of boys & girls into adulthood | secret societies |
| form of sociopolitical organization in which multiple descent groups (usually patrilineages) form at different levels & function in different contexts | segmentary lineage system |
| number of groups & their interrelationships in a society | social complexity |
| relative access individuals & groups have to basic material resources, wealth, power, & prestige | social differentiation |
| hierarchical, centralized form of political organization in which central government has legal monopoly over use of force; typical political organization of stratified society | state |
| society characterized by formal, permanent social & economic inequality in which some people are denied access to basic resources | stratified society |
| culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from same ancestor | tribe |
| primary producers are allowed access to means of production, & tribute is exacted from them by coercion | tributary mode of exchange |
| formally organized & culturally recognized pattern of collective violence directed toward other societies/between segments within larger society | war |
| all societies must address how to maintain themselves over time w/minimum __ __ & __ __ | social disorder; social discontent |
| every society must provide means of managing __, __, & __ | conflicts; descent; deviance |
| every society must provide means of generally __ behavior so that it is __ with social order | regulating; consistent |
| related to ways in which society produces & distributes valued goods | specific type of political organization |
| social differentiation is related to social __ | complexity |
| political organization, social differentiation, & social complexity are often studied separately, but in reality they are __ __ | intimately connected |
| egalitarian, rank, & stratified societies are | systems of social differentiation |
| in egalitarian society age & sex/gender differences are basis for __ __ | social respect |
| in egalitarian society age & sex/gender differences are not basis for differences in __ __ __ | accumulation of wealth |
| in egalitarian society there is no __ of prestige or material goods | inheritance |
| in egalitarian society has no __ __ of social positions, filled by as __ __ as fit cultural criteria | fixed number; many people |
| egalitarian societies usually operate on principle of __ or __ __ in exchange of goods & services | generalized; balanced reciprocity |
| egalitarian societies usually associated with forms of political organizations called __ or __ | band; tribes |
| rank societies have formal differences among individuals & groups in __ & __ __, which may be inherited | prestige; symbolic resources |
| slavery status in rank societies was not __ | hereditary |
| rank societies are normally based on highly productive __ or __, which permit sufficient accumulation of food | horticulturalism; pastoralism |
| basis of rank societies permittivity of sufficient accumulation of food allows surplus that can be __ by leaders & __ throughout society | appropriated; redistributed |
| both __ & __ __ are characteristic modes of exchange in rank societies | redistribution; balanced reciprocity |
| social ranking in rank societies is associated with form of political organization | called a chiefdom |
| in stratified societies __, __, & __ are frequently inherited | prestige; wealth; office |
| standard of living, security, prestige, political power, & opportunity to fulfill one's own potential are examples of __ & __ __ of individuals in stratified societies | permanent; wide differences |
| may be based on birth or result from individual accomplishments in stratified societies | differences |
| most stratified societies are economically organized by __ __ & generally based on __ & industrialism | market exchange; agriculture |
| stratified societies are most __ __ kinds of societies & associated w/political organization called __ | socially complex; state |
| power ultimately derives from __ __ __ that people need or desire | control of resources |
| authority is only one important __ __ __ | source of power |
| power of political office holder may derive from afforded __, but also from __ __ that comes from control of resources | respect; coercive ability |
| power can be held by people __ __ authority | without any |
| political ideology is often __ to greater extent by those who __ most from it | accepted; benefit |
| when fewer people in a society have less acceptance of resigning political ideology, society may relay on greater use of __, & perhaps even __ to maintain itself | coercion; violence |
| contribute to maintaining order in almost all societies | coercion & consensus |
| by definition all political behavior affects, but is not always in, the __ __ | public interest |
| political behavior of groups & individuals may be motivated by __ & __ | altruism; idealism |
| in __ __ societies those in power use various means to establish hegemony | politically complex |
| __ __ institutions are sources of power & authority | formal political |
| in many __ __ use of power, authority, decision making, & coordination/regulation of human behavior are not formally separated from other aspects of culture | small-scale societies |
| in many small-scale societies power, authority, decision making, & coordination/regulation of human behavior are embedded in __ __ such as kinship, economics & religion | social institutions |
| in small-scale societies leadership may be based on __ __ as head of family, lineage or clan | individual's position |
| where __ intervention is important aspect of decision making, individuals with perceived __ __ have important political roles in society | supernatural; supernatural power |
| politics involves control over distribution of goods/services, power & authority are embedded in economic roles & modes of exchange | chiefs NW Coast of N America & bigmen of Papua New Guinea |
| politics involves control over distribution of goods/services, power & authority are embedded in economic roles & modes of exchange exists in __ __ also | complex societies |
| in most small-scale societies __ did not hold formal political office | women |
| certain offices reserved to represent women's interests | Yoruba of Nigeria |
| some groups had female ruler & council that parallel that of king & his council but were concerned w/women's affairs | Igbo of Nigeria |
| had women paramount chiefs who were seen as "mothers writ large" | Mende in Sierra Leone |
| derived authority & power from reproductive & supportive roles of women as mothers | "mothers writ large" |
| Mende women's secret society was very powerful, reflecting important economic roles of wives, who were authority figures & might even succeed a chief in office | Sande |
| one of most famous Mende women of power; 19th-century succeeded husband in office & was recognized as paramount chief in 1884 | Madam Yoko |
| women derive power from control over marketing agricultural & other products | W Africa |
| women's power is interwoven w/roles in kinship, ceremonial, & economic systems; matrilineal society | Minangkabau & Hopi |
| emphasizes how power changes hands & how new kinds of political organization & ideologies develop | study of political processes |
| political processes are never __ | static |
| use of power & authority may __ a social order, avoid or resolve __, & promote __ __ | stabilize; conflict; general welfare |
| power & authority may be used to __ prevailing political power & change/destroy __ political systems | contest; existing |
| groups/factions, as well as governments, use __ & __ means to gain their ends; one is no less political than the other | legitimate; illegitimate |
| __ & __ do not necessarily destroy social order | conflict; violence |
| blood feuds or legally sanctioned death penalties are examples if violence as __ __ of dealing w/conflict & solving disputes | legitimate means |
| conflict may even support social order, as competition for __ __ makes them seem worth fighting for | legitimate goals |
| violent conflict for political office emphasizes that the __ __ view office as politically important | conflicting groups |
| for society to function satisfactorily there must be some __ among its members | conformity |
| societies organized through kinship & face-to-face social relations conformity is largely achieved through ___ of it norms & values | internalization |
| in complex societies internalization of norms regulates in addition to behavior through government control of social institutions with regulatory process & capability & willingness to __ __ | use force |
| every society has some __ __ to deal w/non-normative behavior & conflict | social mechanism |
| face-to-face & informal groups w/in complex societies, informal mechanisms such as __ & __ can be effective ways to ensure conformity | gossip; ridicule |
| fear of __ __ is an informal control mechanism | witchcraft accusations |
| in societies w/witchcraft beliefs, accusations are directed at those who stand __ group, are __, have nasty temper, or refuse to __ according to group norms | above; malicious; share |
| fear of being accused of witchcraft exerts __ on people to conform | pressure |
| small-scale communities use __ to sanction social deviants | avoidance |
| in small-scale communities a person __ by others is at great psychological & economic disadvantage | shunned |
| complex societies avoidance is effective in __ groups within __ institutions | smaller; larger |
| supernatural sanctions regulate __ __ in almost all societies | human behavior |
| violation of a social norm that calls forth punishment by supernatural forces | sin |
| incest is sin; brings divinely imposed skin affliction cause by insect spontaneously generated by sexual act that breaches incest taboo | Trobriand Islands |
| law refers to situation where __ __, or some part, is __ to punish an offender against a society's most important norms | whole community; authorized |
| in complex societies functions of law belong to __ __ institutions | separate legal |
| law distinguished from more general reciprocal __ & __ that underlie conformity in all societies | rights; obligations |
| law addresses conflict that would otherwise disrupt __ __ | community life |
| politically complex societies, such as contemporary nation-states, law address both __ against state & __ between individuals | crimes; conflicts |
| structurally simple societies disputes between individuals treated as __ __ to society because they have ripple effects throughout community | potential threats |
| conflict management is egalitarian society more often directed at maintaining existing __ __ than defining __ &__ __ | social relationships; winners; losers |
| bands, tribes, chiefdoms, & states are four | ideal types of political organization |
| typical political organization of egalitarian society | bands & tribes |
| characteristic of foragers | band organization |
| generalized/balanced reciprocity dominates __ __ in band society | economic exchange |
| bands are fairly independent of one another w/few higher levels of __ __ or __ __ of leadership | social integration; centralized mechanisms |
| band society has minimal role __ & few __ of wealth, prestige, or power | specialization; differences |
| bands tend to be __ w/ties between then mainly established by __ | exogamous; marriage |
| __ __ systems link individuals to many different bands through ties of blood & marriage | bilateral kinship |
| __ relations also link individuals to other band members | trading |
| flexible & people may change residence from one band to another fairly easily | membership in bands |
| flexibility of band organization is particularly __ for foraging way of life & low __ __ | adaptive; population density |
| band society has no __ __, decision making is by __ | formal leadership; consensus |
| usually older mean/women who experience, traditional knowledge, & special skills/success in foraging are source of prestige | foraging band leaders |
| foraging band leaders can only __ & __ others to their leadership on basis of past performance | persuade; attract |
| local leader is called "The One Whom All Listen", "He Who Thinks" or "He Who Knows Everything Best" | local Inuit leaders |
| __ & __ important values & course of respect in foraging bands | sharing; generosity |
| successful Inuit whaling captains who do not generously distribute their accumulated wealth are merely called | rich men |
| Inuit rich men are distinguished from those whose superior ability & __ make them __ leader of village | generosity; respected |
| social order in band society is maintained informally through __, __, & __ | gossip; ridicule; avoidance |
| in extreme cases of social order in band society a person may be __ or __ __ of community | killed; driven out |
| supernatural sanctions important means of social control | Inuit |
| violations of norms, w/in Inuit bands, are considered __ & offenders may be controlled through __ __ | sins; ritual means |
| Intuit ritual means of social control are __ __ which are directed at a shaman | public confessions |
| Inuit offenders are called __ & led to __ all taboo violated | patients; confess |
| romanticized view of band society as nonviolent based on confusion between __ & __ violence | collective; personal |
| do not engage in collective violence but men frequently fight & these often result in death | Ju/'hoansi |
| social mechanism of band societies that minimize conflict | flexible band membership |
| process called flux operates; separates people in conflict preventing prolonged hostility | Mbuti |
| bands regularly break up into smaller units & reform into larger ones throughout year | flux |
| weapons are words; each contestants tries to deliver traditional compositions w/greatest skill; one for who audience claps loudest is winner | song duels |
| Inuit band disputes are sometimes resolved through __ __ that involve physical action | public contests |
| in Inuit bands murder is resolved by | killing the murder |
| winning song duel is not based on __ of the conflict | facts |
| judgment of community is accepted by song duel contestants & original complaint is | laid to rest |
| because of low level of technology, lack of formal leadership, & other ecological factors __ __ __ in most band societies | warfare is absent |
| when band societies encounter technologically & culturally dominant groups bands tend to __ & __ themselves in marginal areas rather than fight | retreat; isolate |
| defined as formally organized & culturally recognized patterns of collective violence against another society, or between segments with larger society | warfare |
| documenting societies were warfare is absent serves as __ that warfare is in our genes | counterexample |
| tribes are primarily found among __ & __ | pastoralists; horticulturalists |
| tribe's characteristic economic institutions are __ & __ although larger states may participate in __ __ | reciprocity; redistribution; market systems |
| tribes are basically egalitarian w/no important differences among members in __, __, & __ | wealth; status; power |
| tribes do have __ or __ political institutions or roles | distinct; centralized |
| in tribes __ & __ __ embedded in kinship, religion, or other cultural institutions | power; social control |
| tribes usually organized into __ kin groups which are units of political __ & __ of basic economic resources | unilineal; activity; owners |
| consistent w/larger populations of horticultural/pastoral societies is emergence of __ __ groups larger than __ __ | local kin; nuclear family |
| effective political unit in tribal society is __; most of time local units of tribe operate __ | shifting; independently |
| local units may be in state of ongoing violent conflict among themselves | Yanomamo |
| __ __ among trial segments most often occurs in response to threat of attach from another society or opportunity to attach another society | higher-level unity |
| __ __ of tribal society may be integrated in various ways, such as age & sex as basis of __ __ who move through life's stages together | local segments; organized groups |
| cross-cultural comparison of societies in which age is important basis of organization suggest that they are associated w/frequent __ & __ __ __ | warfare; unstable local groups |
| age sets provide more dependable source of __ when men cannot rely on kin as allies in warfare | allies |
| males follow well-ordered progression through series of age grades; entry into each requires formalized rite of passage; new age grade opened to group of boys every 14 years | Maasai |
| Maasai boys are initiated into __ __ after childhood, & last about 15 years | warrior stage |
| period of training in social, political, & military skills, & traditionally geared to warfare & cattle raiding | Maasai warriorhood |
| Maasai warriors graduate to less active status, during which they can | marry |
| 20 years after formation of age grade, when another grade becomes established, original grade retires to __ in another great ceremony of Maasai | elderhood |
| Maasai __ are cohesive group providing reciprocal hospitality when visiting each other’s villages, expressing warm & intimate relationships | age-mates |
| periodically bring together different sections of Maasai tribes, renewing shared identity & sense of unity & cooperation, confirming system of leadership under age grade spokesperson | age grade ceremonies |
| military societies among some Plains Indian tribes, secrete societies found in W Africa, & segmentary lineage system of Nuer are associations that cut across & integrate | local segments of tribes |
| many had different kinds of leaders for different activities | Native American societies |
| had war leaders & peace leaders | Cheyenne |
| had different leaders for war, hunting ceremonies, & clans | Ojibwa |
| misinterpreted Ojibwa political system & imposed Western concept of supreme leader/chief | Europeans |
| when Canadian government insisted Ojibwa must have chief they coined native word okimakkan which translated as | fake chief |
| bigman is tribal leader found throughout | Melanesia & Papua New Guinea |
| by giving generously a bigman places many others under __ to him | obligation |
| bigmen command __ from their followers through personal relationship of gratitude & obligation | obedience |
| bigman depends on personality & constant striving of an individual, it is a __ __ of tribal integration | fragile mechanism |
| bigmen must spur local group on to __ __ because must give __ more than they give him | greater production; competitors |
| under certain ecological & social conditions __ __ __ may emerge in some tribal societies which then develop into __ | permanent political leadership; chiefdoms |
| tribes depend mainly on __ __ for controlling deviant behavior & settling conflicts | informal mechanisms |
| formal social control mechanisms came into play during summer season when Cheyenne bands came together for __ buffalo hunts & __ __ | communal; tribal ceremonies |
| on Cheyenne buffalo hunt __ __ required because an individual hunter could ruin hunt for other by alarming & scattering buffalo | strict discipline |
| function of tribal "police" to get deviant to conform to tribal law in interest of welfare of tribe; operated only during hunt period | military associations of Cheyenne |
| many tribal societies used mediation to resolve conflicts with __ relationships | ongoing |
| mediations resolves disputes so that __ __ between disputants maintained & __ restored to social order | social relationship; harmony |
| conflict between individuals addressed at a moot | Kpelle of Liberia |
| form of mediation which takes place before assembled group of kinsmen & neighbors; reconciliation achieved w/minimum resentment, so conflicts do not continue & disrupt social order | moot |
| kava-drinking circle in Pacific Island Kingdom of Tonga is example of | community-oriented mechanism |
| indigenous alcoholic drink often consumed in ritual contexts throughout Oceania | kava |
| in Tonga, kava is __ __ activity that serves as nonviolent alternative to alcohol-drinking events | semi-ritual male |
| informal social context in which status distinctions are dissolved & men air their grievances & reconcile differences in atmosphere of social camaraderie | kava circle |
| operates through formal courts, is costly & time consuming, & frequently leaves disputants feeling dissatisfied w/outcomes | adversarial system |
| divorce proceedings, minor civil disputes, & conflicts in school, housing projects, neighborhoods, & workplace, as well as international disputes between nations use | meditations to resolve |
| tribal societies have a __ __ of warfare | high degree |
| __ explanation suggests that warfare helps regulate balance between population & resources in tribal societies | ecological |
| warfare is one way for societies to expand when they are experiencing __ __ or have reached __ __ __ to unoccupied lands | population increase; limits of expansion |
| tribal warfare may also be linked to __ & __, which promote male solidarity | partilineality; patrilocality |
| matrilineal society that carried out warfare over long distances | Iroquois |
| grounded in historical, material, cultural, & ecological conditions, & not in any biologically based human instinct for aggression | war |
| sometimes called "fierce people"; well known for high level of personal violence & frequent warfare; violence by men against women, among men in same village, & between villages central to culture | Yanomamo of Amazon in Venezuela & Brazil |
| explains ongoing Yanomamo warfare & violence as way of preserving village autonomy | Napoleon Chagnon |
| high degree of violent conflict of Yanomamo men within villages leads to division of villages into __ __ | hostile camps |
| Yanomamo violence & warfare helps control population, not by causing deaths in battles but indirectly through __ __ | female infanticide |
| notes that extreme Yanomamo violence documented by Chagnon in 1960s was precipitated in 1940s by severe depopulation caused by European disease epidemics, fatal malnutrition, & intensified competition over European goods | Brian Ferguson |
| __ __ must be considered along with other explanations of Yanomamo fierceness | historical factors |
| chiefdom is made up of parts that are __ & __ different from one another | structurally; functionally |
| chiefdoms have been called 1st step in integrating village units within a | multicommunity political organization |
| defines chiefdom as autonomous political unit comprising number of villages/communities under permanent control of paramount chief | Robert Caneiro |
| Caneiro holds that chiefdoms are important human cultural __ because in this type of society villagers 1st surrendered political autonomy to leaders from other villages, creating __ __ of political authority in society | invention; second level |
| chiefdoms vary greatly on __ __ | social complexity |
| had monumental architecture, distinct ceremonial centers, elaborate grave goods reflecting high social status, & larger settlements, or administrative centers, surrounded by smaller villages | ancient chiefdoms |
| each __ __ within chiefdom may also have had its own chief or council | geographical unit |
| chiefdoms are found mainly among __ & __ or __ __ societies where food resources are plentifully available | cultivators; pastoralists; few foraging |
| chiefdoms are organized through kinship & have __ leadership | centralized |
| __ __ inherited & often sustained by religious authority | chiefly office |
| chiefdom kept lengthy __ __ of names & acts of specific chiefs, used to verify claims to rank & chiefly title | genealogical records |
| anthropologists argue that rise of chief related to __ __ of redistribution | exchange pattern |
| in chiefdoms redistribution may occur infrequently in order for chief to maintain control of population by __ or __ | coercion; despotism |
| rights to manage all economic resources were held by individuals although relatives could not be prevented from using them; inheritance passed through line of eldest son only | Nootka |
| office of chief lesser son was ranked lower than that of __ __ & were typically expressed in terms of wealth | eldest son |
| terms of wealth consisted of symbolic wealth which consists of right to use special names, perform certain ceremonial functions, sponsor potlatches, & wear certain items of clothing & decoration | rank of chief's sons |
| some of most complex chiefdoms found in | Polynesia |
| society divided into Ari'i, Ra'atira, & Manahune; social rank had economic, political, & religious aspects | Tahiti |
| immediate families of chiefs of most important lineages in larger districts; had most Mana because closest to ancestral gods from which mana comes; anything touched became poison for those below in rank | Ari'i |
| heads of less important lineages & their families; \ | Ra'atira |
| included remainder of population | Manahune |
| spiritual power possessed by all people, but in different degrees depending on rank | Mana |
| separated those with more mana from those w/less & also regulated social relations among the ranks | elaborate body of taboos |
| some Polynesian islands highest chief was kept __ from other people & even used __ __ that one else was allowed to use | away; special vocabulary |
| pastoral nomads; stick to migration schedules & fixed routes to avoid exhaustive grazing of area, famine of flocks, & intertribal fighting | Basseri |
| important role of chief for Basseri is to __ __ of tribe & __ __ w/outsiders through territories they must move | coordinate movements; conduct relations |
| internal violence within chiefdoms is lower than in tribes because chief has authority to make __, __ __ individuals, & __ disputes | judgments; punish deviant; resolve |
| stability of Basseri rests on mainly decisions __ __ __ consensus | backed up by |
| Trobriand islands power of chief to punish people is achieved partly by hiring __ to kill offenders by magic | sorcerers |
| greatest power of Trobriand chief lies in control of __ __ | garden magic |
| ultimate power of Trobriand island chief is his magical control of __, used when chief is angry as means of collective punishment & enforcement of his will | rain |
| social order in chiefdoms is maintained through __ & __ __ for & loyalty to the chief | fear; genuine respect |
| kinship ties do not extend throughout whole society & does not regulate relations between different social classes | state societies |
| __ of state rests on ties of citizenship which supplant those of blood & marriage for many purposes | legitimacy |
| enables state to expand without splitting, through incorporation of variety of political units, classes, & ethnic groups | concept of citizenship |
| states can become more __, __, & __ than any other kind of political organization | populous; heterogeneous; powerful |
| cannot be explained by any one theory of cause & effect | origin of the state |
| state that emerged out of military triumph | Asante |
| anthropological theories of state formation tend to emphasize __ or __ & __ | conflict; integration; functionalism |
| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize benefits of state __ __ __ | to its members |
| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize its ability to provide stability needed for __ & __ development | growth; technological |
| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize ts ability to provide __ __ __ of its citizens | protection of rights |
| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize ts ability to provide effective mechanisms for __ __ of disputes | peaceful settlement |
| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize ts ability to provide protection of __ & __ arrangements | trade; financial |
| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize its ability to __ | expand |
| Conflict theories about state formation emphasize emergence of state as directly connected w/emergence of __ __ that protects power & privileges through __ __ & __ of political ideology | elite class; coercive power; management |
| interrelated set of status roles that become separate from other aspects of social organization | centralized government |
| states are characterized by __ government | centralized |
| in state societies groups based on __ become central & individual belongs through __ | territory; citizenship |
| are territorial units, cities, districts, & so on | administrative divisions of states |
| each unit of state society has its __ government, but not independent of central government | own |
| in state societies, government emerges as social institution specifically concerned w/making & enforcing __ __ & engages in other functions that keep __ __ | public policy; society going |
| state intervenes in __ __ of economic process | every aspect |
| through __ state stimulates agricultural production of households | taxation |
| state can order people to work on roads & buildings, & to serve in armies, thus affecting workforce available for agriculture | state controlling labor |
| states economic, coordinating, & controlling functions require extensive record keeping, giving rise to | writing & systems of weights & measures |
| state uses __ __ __ to make clear how & when it will use force & forbids individuals/groups to use force except under state's authorization | code of law |
| state laws are passed by authorized __ __ & enforced by formal & specialized institutions of __ __ | legislative bodies; law enforcement |
| have authority to impose all kinds of punishments, fines, confiscation of property, imprisonment, & even death | courts & police forces |
| engaging in warfare strengthens power of state & leads to increased __ __ because of greater need to regulate daily life & suppress internal conflict | political centralization |
| in state society coercion replaced __ __ | voluntary recruitment |
| illustrates many typical qualities of early or __ __ __ | preindustrial state societies |
| key factor in rise & maintenance of state societies | social stratification |
| states maintain power by maintaining control over | centralized governments & its institutions |
| states maintain power by establishing hegemony, through identifying interests of elite w/those of society at large through | encoding it in culture & law |
| Asante elite's hegemony in culturally legitimizing connection between wealth & power was essential in maintaining | state stability |
| nation popularly felt by members to be __ __ based on bonds of common descent, language, culture, history, & territory | natural entity |
| all modern nation-states are composed of many __ __ | ethnic groups |
| calls nation-states imagined communities because it takes an act of imagination to weld many disparate groups that make up state into coherent national community | Benedict Anderson |
| one way nation-state construct __ __ is to draw boundaries between spatially defined insider & outsiders | national identities |
| __ __ of past essential in creating national identities | common interpretation |
| n regulating human behavior, law is only one among many | forms of social control |
| tribal society imagines all of its members to be | related by kinship |
| compared with tribal societies, chiefdoms are likely to have | lower levels of internal violence |
| film, Well Founded Fear, made by two anthropologists, is about refugees trying to enter the United States as | victims of political and economic persecution in their homelands |
| all human societies have some __ __ for dealing with people who break the rules | normative system |
| one of by-products of many wars & racial, religious, ethnic, political conflicts, human rights violations, & genocides of 20th-21st centuries has been creation of | millions of refugees |
| since WWII there been approx. 16 million | refugees worldwide |
| in order to be granted __ __ a refugee must prove "well-founded" fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or political opinion | political asylum |
| any foreigner who finds way into US may apply for __ __ under political asylum | refugee protection |
| officers make decisions to approve/deny applications for political asylum in US | Immigration & Naturalization Service (INS) |
| in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum from __ __ in China | one-child policy |
| in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum from rule that women __ __ __ in Algeria | must be veiled |
| in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum from suppression of __ __ in Romania & Nigeria | political dissent |
| in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum __ __ __ in former Soviet Union | persecution of Jews |
| in film, Well Founded Fear, shows issues involving refugees fleeing from __ in Haiti & | violence |
| in film, Well Founded Fear, shows W Africa women seeking asylum on their fear of __ __ __ if they remain in their home countries | force female mutilation |
| organization launched by anthropologist in Detroit designed to improve refugees' chance for employment | RefugeeWorks |
| fixed & secure __ __ is essential characteristic of contemporary states | geographic border |
| central concern for all governments is __ of state borders | vulnerability |
| plays important role in economic globalization | labor migration |
| give protection of state borders new political & economic urgency | fears of terrorist attacks |
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