Political Organization
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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show | acephalous
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show | age grades
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show | age set
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ability to cause others to act based on characteristics such as honor, status, knowledge, ability, lineage, respect/holding of formal public office | show 🗑
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show | band
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self-made leader who gains power through personal achievements rather than through political office | show 🗑
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society w/social ranking in which political integration is achieved through office of centralized leadership called the chief; typical political organization of rank society | show 🗑
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show | citizenship
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show | egalitarian society
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show | ethnic boundaries
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categories of people who see themselves as sharing ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups/larger society | show 🗑
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show | ethnicity
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informal alliances within well-defined political units such as lineages, villages/organizations | show 🗑
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deliberate & systematic extermination of a national, racial, political/cultural (ethnic) group | show 🗑
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interrelated set of status roles that become separate from other aspects of social organization, such as kinship, in exercising control over a population | show 🗑
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show | hegemony
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groups of people who have occupied region for long time & recognized by other groups as its original/very ancient inhabitants | show 🗑
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indigenous peoples are often __ with little influence in the government of __ that controls their land | show 🗑
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show | small-scale; European
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means of social control & dispute management through systematic application of force by politically constituted authority | show 🗑
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show | leadership
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form of managing disputes that uses offices of 3rd party to achieve voluntary agreement between disputing parties | show 🗑
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sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having distinctive national culture & historical experience | show 🗑
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show | political ideology
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show | political organization
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ways in which individuals & groups use power to achieve public goals | show 🗑
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ability to control resources in one’s own interest & to cause individuals/groups to take actions that they may prefer not to take on their own accord | show 🗑
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society characterized by institutionalized differences in prestige but no important restrictions on access to basic resources | show 🗑
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attempt of group within society to force redistribution of resources & power; reallocate resources within existing political structure | show 🗑
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people who have been uprooted from native lands & forced to cross national boundaries | show 🗑
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attempt to overthrow existing form of political organization & put another type of political structure in its place | show 🗑
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W African societies whose membership & rituals are known only to society members; most significant function is the initiation of boys & girls into adulthood | show 🗑
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show | segmentary lineage system
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number of groups & their interrelationships in a society | show 🗑
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relative access individuals & groups have to basic material resources, wealth, power, & prestige | show 🗑
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show | state
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show | stratified society
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culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from same ancestor | show 🗑
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show | tributary mode of exchange
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show | war
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show | social disorder; social discontent
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every society must provide means of managing __, __, & __ | show 🗑
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every society must provide means of generally __ behavior so that it is __ with social order | show 🗑
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show | specific type of political organization
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show | complexity
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show | intimately connected
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show | systems of social differentiation
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in egalitarian society age & sex/gender differences are basis for __ __ | show 🗑
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show | accumulation of wealth
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show | inheritance
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show | fixed number; many people
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show | generalized; balanced reciprocity
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egalitarian societies usually associated with forms of political organizations called __ or __ | show 🗑
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show | prestige; symbolic resources
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show | hereditary
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rank societies are normally based on highly productive __ or __, which permit sufficient accumulation of food | show 🗑
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show | appropriated; redistributed
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show | redistribution; balanced reciprocity
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social ranking in rank societies is associated with form of political organization | show 🗑
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in stratified societies __, __, & __ are frequently inherited | show 🗑
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show | permanent; wide differences
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show | differences
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most stratified societies are economically organized by __ __ & generally based on __ & industrialism | show 🗑
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show | socially complex; state
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power ultimately derives from __ __ __ that people need or desire | show 🗑
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authority is only one important __ __ __ | show 🗑
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show | respect; coercive ability
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power can be held by people __ __ authority | show 🗑
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political ideology is often __ to greater extent by those who __ most from it | show 🗑
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show | coercion; violence
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contribute to maintaining order in almost all societies | show 🗑
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show | public interest
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show | altruism; idealism
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in __ __ societies those in power use various means to establish hegemony | show 🗑
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__ __ institutions are sources of power & authority | show 🗑
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in many __ __ use of power, authority, decision making, & coordination/regulation of human behavior are not formally separated from other aspects of culture | show 🗑
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in many small-scale societies power, authority, decision making, & coordination/regulation of human behavior are embedded in __ __ such as kinship, economics & religion | show 🗑
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in small-scale societies leadership may be based on __ __ as head of family, lineage or clan | show 🗑
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where __ intervention is important aspect of decision making, individuals with perceived __ __ have important political roles in society | show 🗑
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show | chiefs NW Coast of N America & bigmen of Papua New Guinea
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politics involves control over distribution of goods/services, power & authority are embedded in economic roles & modes of exchange exists in __ __ also | show 🗑
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show | women
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show | Yoruba of Nigeria
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some groups had female ruler & council that parallel that of king & his council but were concerned w/women's affairs | show 🗑
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had women paramount chiefs who were seen as "mothers writ large" | show 🗑
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derived authority & power from reproductive & supportive roles of women as mothers | show 🗑
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Mende women's secret society was very powerful, reflecting important economic roles of wives, who were authority figures & might even succeed a chief in office | show 🗑
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show | Madam Yoko
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women derive power from control over marketing agricultural & other products | show 🗑
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show | Minangkabau & Hopi
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emphasizes how power changes hands & how new kinds of political organization & ideologies develop | show 🗑
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political processes are never __ | show 🗑
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use of power & authority may __ a social order, avoid or resolve __, & promote __ __ | show 🗑
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power & authority may be used to __ prevailing political power & change/destroy __ political systems | show 🗑
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show | legitimate; illegitimate
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show | conflict; violence
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show | legitimate means
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show | legitimate goals
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violent conflict for political office emphasizes that the __ __ view office as politically important | show 🗑
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for society to function satisfactorily there must be some __ among its members | show 🗑
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show | internalization
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in complex societies internalization of norms regulates in addition to behavior through government control of social institutions with regulatory process & capability & willingness to __ __ | show 🗑
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show | social mechanism
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face-to-face & informal groups w/in complex societies, informal mechanisms such as __ & __ can be effective ways to ensure conformity | show 🗑
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show | witchcraft accusations
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show | above; malicious; share
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show | pressure
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small-scale communities use __ to sanction social deviants | show 🗑
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in small-scale communities a person __ by others is at great psychological & economic disadvantage | show 🗑
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complex societies avoidance is effective in __ groups within __ institutions | show 🗑
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show | human behavior
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show | sin
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incest is sin; brings divinely imposed skin affliction cause by insect spontaneously generated by sexual act that breaches incest taboo | show 🗑
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show | whole community; authorized
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in complex societies functions of law belong to __ __ institutions | show 🗑
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show | rights; obligations
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show | community life
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politically complex societies, such as contemporary nation-states, law address both __ against state & __ between individuals | show 🗑
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show | potential threats
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conflict management is egalitarian society more often directed at maintaining existing __ __ than defining __ &__ __ | show 🗑
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show | ideal types of political organization
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typical political organization of egalitarian society | show 🗑
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show | band organization
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generalized/balanced reciprocity dominates __ __ in band society | show 🗑
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bands are fairly independent of one another w/few higher levels of __ __ or __ __ of leadership | show 🗑
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band society has minimal role __ & few __ of wealth, prestige, or power | show 🗑
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bands tend to be __ w/ties between then mainly established by __ | show 🗑
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__ __ systems link individuals to many different bands through ties of blood & marriage | show 🗑
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__ relations also link individuals to other band members | show 🗑
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flexible & people may change residence from one band to another fairly easily | show 🗑
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show | adaptive; population density
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band society has no __ __, decision making is by __ | show 🗑
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usually older mean/women who experience, traditional knowledge, & special skills/success in foraging are source of prestige | show 🗑
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foraging band leaders can only __ & __ others to their leadership on basis of past performance | show 🗑
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show | local Inuit leaders
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__ & __ important values & course of respect in foraging bands | show 🗑
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successful Inuit whaling captains who do not generously distribute their accumulated wealth are merely called | show 🗑
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Inuit rich men are distinguished from those whose superior ability & __ make them __ leader of village | show 🗑
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show | gossip; ridicule; avoidance
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show | killed; driven out
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show | Inuit
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violations of norms, w/in Inuit bands, are considered __ & offenders may be controlled through __ __ | show 🗑
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show | public confessions
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Inuit offenders are called __ & led to __ all taboo violated | show 🗑
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show | collective; personal
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do not engage in collective violence but men frequently fight & these often result in death | show 🗑
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social mechanism of band societies that minimize conflict | show 🗑
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show | Mbuti
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show | flux
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weapons are words; each contestants tries to deliver traditional compositions w/greatest skill; one for who audience claps loudest is winner | show 🗑
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Inuit band disputes are sometimes resolved through __ __ that involve physical action | show 🗑
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in Inuit bands murder is resolved by | show 🗑
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show | facts
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show | laid to rest
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because of low level of technology, lack of formal leadership, & other ecological factors __ __ __ in most band societies | show 🗑
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when band societies encounter technologically & culturally dominant groups bands tend to __ & __ themselves in marginal areas rather than fight | show 🗑
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defined as formally organized & culturally recognized patterns of collective violence against another society, or between segments with larger society | show 🗑
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documenting societies were warfare is absent serves as __ that warfare is in our genes | show 🗑
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tribes are primarily found among __ & __ | show 🗑
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show | reciprocity; redistribution; market systems
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tribes are basically egalitarian w/no important differences among members in __, __, & __ | show 🗑
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tribes do have __ or __ political institutions or roles | show 🗑
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in tribes __ & __ __ embedded in kinship, religion, or other cultural institutions | show 🗑
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tribes usually organized into __ kin groups which are units of political __ & __ of basic economic resources | show 🗑
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show | local kin; nuclear family
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effective political unit in tribal society is __; most of time local units of tribe operate __ | show 🗑
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show | Yanomamo
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show | higher-level unity
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show | local segments; organized groups
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cross-cultural comparison of societies in which age is important basis of organization suggest that they are associated w/frequent __ & __ __ __ | show 🗑
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age sets provide more dependable source of __ when men cannot rely on kin as allies in warfare | show 🗑
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males follow well-ordered progression through series of age grades; entry into each requires formalized rite of passage; new age grade opened to group of boys every 14 years | show 🗑
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show | warrior stage
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period of training in social, political, & military skills, & traditionally geared to warfare & cattle raiding | show 🗑
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Maasai warriors graduate to less active status, during which they can | show 🗑
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20 years after formation of age grade, when another grade becomes established, original grade retires to __ in another great ceremony of Maasai | show 🗑
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show | age-mates
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show | age grade ceremonies
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show | local segments of tribes
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show | Native American societies
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had war leaders & peace leaders | show 🗑
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had different leaders for war, hunting ceremonies, & clans | show 🗑
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show | Europeans
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show | fake chief
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bigman is tribal leader found throughout | show 🗑
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show | obligation
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bigmen command __ from their followers through personal relationship of gratitude & obligation | show 🗑
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bigman depends on personality & constant striving of an individual, it is a __ __ of tribal integration | show 🗑
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bigmen must spur local group on to __ __ because must give __ more than they give him | show 🗑
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show | permanent political leadership; chiefdoms
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show | informal mechanisms
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formal social control mechanisms came into play during summer season when Cheyenne bands came together for __ buffalo hunts & __ __ | show 🗑
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show | strict discipline
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show | military associations of Cheyenne
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show | ongoing
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show | social relationship; harmony
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conflict between individuals addressed at a moot | show 🗑
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form of mediation which takes place before assembled group of kinsmen & neighbors; reconciliation achieved w/minimum resentment, so conflicts do not continue & disrupt social order | show 🗑
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kava-drinking circle in Pacific Island Kingdom of Tonga is example of | show 🗑
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show | kava
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show | semi-ritual male
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informal social context in which status distinctions are dissolved & men air their grievances & reconcile differences in atmosphere of social camaraderie | show 🗑
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show | adversarial system
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show | meditations to resolve
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show | high degree
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__ explanation suggests that warfare helps regulate balance between population & resources in tribal societies | show 🗑
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show | population increase; limits of expansion
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tribal warfare may also be linked to __ & __, which promote male solidarity | show 🗑
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matrilineal society that carried out warfare over long distances | show 🗑
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grounded in historical, material, cultural, & ecological conditions, & not in any biologically based human instinct for aggression | show 🗑
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sometimes called "fierce people"; well known for high level of personal violence & frequent warfare; violence by men against women, among men in same village, & between villages central to culture | show 🗑
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show | Napoleon Chagnon
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high degree of violent conflict of Yanomamo men within villages leads to division of villages into __ __ | show 🗑
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Yanomamo violence & warfare helps control population, not by causing deaths in battles but indirectly through __ __ | show 🗑
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notes that extreme Yanomamo violence documented by Chagnon in 1960s was precipitated in 1940s by severe depopulation caused by European disease epidemics, fatal malnutrition, & intensified competition over European goods | show 🗑
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show | historical factors
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chiefdom is made up of parts that are __ & __ different from one another | show 🗑
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chiefdoms have been called 1st step in integrating village units within a | show 🗑
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show | Robert Caneiro
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show | invention; second level
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show | social complexity
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had monumental architecture, distinct ceremonial centers, elaborate grave goods reflecting high social status, & larger settlements, or administrative centers, surrounded by smaller villages | show 🗑
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show | geographical unit
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chiefdoms are found mainly among __ & __ or __ __ societies where food resources are plentifully available | show 🗑
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chiefdoms are organized through kinship & have __ leadership | show 🗑
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show | chiefly office
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show | genealogical records
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show | exchange pattern
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in chiefdoms redistribution may occur infrequently in order for chief to maintain control of population by __ or __ | show 🗑
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rights to manage all economic resources were held by individuals although relatives could not be prevented from using them; inheritance passed through line of eldest son only | show 🗑
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office of chief lesser son was ranked lower than that of __ __ & were typically expressed in terms of wealth | show 🗑
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show | rank of chief's sons
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some of most complex chiefdoms found in | show 🗑
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society divided into Ari'i, Ra'atira, & Manahune; social rank had economic, political, & religious aspects | show 🗑
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immediate families of chiefs of most important lineages in larger districts; had most Mana because closest to ancestral gods from which mana comes; anything touched became poison for those below in rank | show 🗑
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heads of less important lineages & their families; \ | show 🗑
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show | Manahune
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spiritual power possessed by all people, but in different degrees depending on rank | show 🗑
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show | elaborate body of taboos
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show | away; special vocabulary
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show | Basseri
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show | coordinate movements; conduct relations
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show | judgments; punish deviant; resolve
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stability of Basseri rests on mainly decisions __ __ __ consensus | show 🗑
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show | sorcerers
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show | garden magic
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show | rain
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show | fear; genuine respect
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show | state societies
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__ of state rests on ties of citizenship which supplant those of blood & marriage for many purposes | show 🗑
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show | concept of citizenship
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states can become more __, __, & __ than any other kind of political organization | show 🗑
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cannot be explained by any one theory of cause & effect | show 🗑
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show | Asante
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show | conflict; integration; functionalism
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functionalist theories about state formation emphasize benefits of state __ __ __ | show 🗑
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show | growth; technological
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show | protection of rights
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show | peaceful settlement
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show | trade; financial
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show | expand
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Conflict theories about state formation emphasize emergence of state as directly connected w/emergence of __ __ that protects power & privileges through __ __ & __ of political ideology | show 🗑
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show | centralized government
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show | centralized
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show | territory; citizenship
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show | administrative divisions of states
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show | own
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show | public policy; society going
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show | every aspect
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through __ state stimulates agricultural production of households | show 🗑
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show | state controlling labor
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states economic, coordinating, & controlling functions require extensive record keeping, giving rise to | show 🗑
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state uses __ __ __ to make clear how & when it will use force & forbids individuals/groups to use force except under state's authorization | show 🗑
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show | legislative bodies; law enforcement
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show | courts & police forces
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show | political centralization
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in state society coercion replaced __ __ | show 🗑
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show | preindustrial state societies
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key factor in rise & maintenance of state societies | show 🗑
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show | centralized governments & its institutions
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show | encoding it in culture & law
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Asante elite's hegemony in culturally legitimizing connection between wealth & power was essential in maintaining | show 🗑
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nation popularly felt by members to be __ __ based on bonds of common descent, language, culture, history, & territory | show 🗑
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all modern nation-states are composed of many __ __ | show 🗑
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show | Benedict Anderson
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show | national identities
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__ __ of past essential in creating national identities | show 🗑
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n regulating human behavior, law is only one among many | show 🗑
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tribal society imagines all of its members to be | show 🗑
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compared with tribal societies, chiefdoms are likely to have | show 🗑
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show | victims of political and economic persecution in their homelands
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show | normative system
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one of by-products of many wars & racial, religious, ethnic, political conflicts, human rights violations, & genocides of 20th-21st centuries has been creation of | show 🗑
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show | refugees worldwide
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show | political asylum
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show | refugee protection
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officers make decisions to approve/deny applications for political asylum in US | show 🗑
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in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum from __ __ in China | show 🗑
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show | must be veiled
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show | political dissent
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in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum __ __ __ in former Soviet Union | show 🗑
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in film, Well Founded Fear, shows issues involving refugees fleeing from __ in Haiti & | show 🗑
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show | force female mutilation
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organization launched by anthropologist in Detroit designed to improve refugees' chance for employment | show 🗑
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fixed & secure __ __ is essential characteristic of contemporary states | show 🗑
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central concern for all governments is __ of state borders | show 🗑
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plays important role in economic globalization | show 🗑
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show | fears of terrorist attacks
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To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
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Created by:
lfrancois
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