Political Organization
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| lacking a government head/chief | acephalous
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| specialized associations based on age which stratify a society by seniority | age grades
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| group of people of similar age & sex who move through some/all of life’s stages together | age set
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| ability to cause others to act based on characteristics such as honor, status, knowledge, ability, lineage, respect/holding of formal public office | authority
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| small group of people related by blood/marriage, who live together & are loosely associated w/territory in which they forage; nuclear family | band
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| self-made leader who gains power through personal achievements rather than through political office | bigman
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| society w/social ranking in which political integration is achieved through office of centralized leadership called the chief; typical political organization of rank society | chiefdom
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| membership in a state | citizenship
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| society in which no individual/group has more privileged access to resources, power/prestige than any other | egalitarian society
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| perceived cultural attributes by which ethnic groups distinguish themselves from others | ethnic boundaries
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| categories of people who see themselves as sharing ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups/larger society | ethnic groups
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| perceived differences in culture, national origin, & historical experience by which groups of people are distinguished from others in same social environment | ethnicity
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| informal alliances within well-defined political units such as lineages, villages/organizations | factions
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| deliberate & systematic extermination of a national, racial, political/cultural (ethnic) group | genocide
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| interrelated set of status roles that become separate from other aspects of social organization, such as kinship, in exercising control over a population | government
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| dominance of political elite based on close identification between their own goals & those of larger society | hegemony
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| groups of people who have occupied region for long time & recognized by other groups as its original/very ancient inhabitants | indigenous peoples
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| indigenous peoples are often __ with little influence in the government of __ that controls their land | minorities; nation-state
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| __ societies designated as bands, tribes/chiefdoms that occupied their land prior to __ contact | small-scale; European
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| means of social control & dispute management through systematic application of force by politically constituted authority | law
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| ability to direct an enterprise/action | leadership
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| form of managing disputes that uses offices of 3rd party to achieve voluntary agreement between disputing parties | mediation
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| sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having distinctive national culture & historical experience | nation-state
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| shared beliefs & values that legitimize distribution & use of power in particular society | political ideology
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| patterned ways in which power is legitimately used in society to regulate behavior | political organization
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| ways in which individuals & groups use power to achieve public goals | political process
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| ability to control resources in one’s own interest & to cause individuals/groups to take actions that they may prefer not to take on their own accord | power
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| society characterized by institutionalized differences in prestige but no important restrictions on access to basic resources | rank society
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| attempt of group within society to force redistribution of resources & power; reallocate resources within existing political structure | rebellion
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| people who have been uprooted from native lands & forced to cross national boundaries | refugees
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| attempt to overthrow existing form of political organization & put another type of political structure in its place | revolution
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| W African societies whose membership & rituals are known only to society members; most significant function is the initiation of boys & girls into adulthood | secret societies
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| form of sociopolitical organization in which multiple descent groups (usually patrilineages) form at different levels & function in different contexts | segmentary lineage system
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| number of groups & their interrelationships in a society | social complexity
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| relative access individuals & groups have to basic material resources, wealth, power, & prestige | social differentiation
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| hierarchical, centralized form of political organization in which central government has legal monopoly over use of force; typical political organization of stratified society | state
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| society characterized by formal, permanent social & economic inequality in which some people are denied access to basic resources | stratified society
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| culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from same ancestor | tribe
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| primary producers are allowed access to means of production, & tribute is exacted from them by coercion | tributary mode of exchange
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| formally organized & culturally recognized pattern of collective violence directed toward other societies/between segments within larger society | war
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| all societies must address how to maintain themselves over time w/minimum __ __ & __ __ | social disorder; social discontent
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| every society must provide means of managing __, __, & __ | conflicts; descent; deviance
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| every society must provide means of generally __ behavior so that it is __ with social order | regulating; consistent
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| related to ways in which society produces & distributes valued goods | specific type of political organization
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| social differentiation is related to social __ | complexity
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| political organization, social differentiation, & social complexity are often studied separately, but in reality they are __ __ | intimately connected
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| egalitarian, rank, & stratified societies are | systems of social differentiation
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| in egalitarian society age & sex/gender differences are basis for __ __ | social respect
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| in egalitarian society age & sex/gender differences are not basis for differences in __ __ __ | accumulation of wealth
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| in egalitarian society there is no __ of prestige or material goods | inheritance
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| in egalitarian society has no __ __ of social positions, filled by as __ __ as fit cultural criteria | fixed number; many people
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| egalitarian societies usually operate on principle of __ or __ __ in exchange of goods & services | generalized; balanced reciprocity
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| egalitarian societies usually associated with forms of political organizations called __ or __ | band; tribes
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| rank societies have formal differences among individuals & groups in __ & __ __, which may be inherited | prestige; symbolic resources
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| slavery status in rank societies was not __ | hereditary
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| rank societies are normally based on highly productive __ or __, which permit sufficient accumulation of food | horticulturalism; pastoralism
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| basis of rank societies permittivity of sufficient accumulation of food allows surplus that can be __ by leaders & __ throughout society | appropriated; redistributed
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| both __ & __ __ are characteristic modes of exchange in rank societies | redistribution; balanced reciprocity
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| social ranking in rank societies is associated with form of political organization | called a chiefdom
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| in stratified societies __, __, & __ are frequently inherited | prestige; wealth; office
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| standard of living, security, prestige, political power, & opportunity to fulfill one's own potential are examples of __ & __ __ of individuals in stratified societies | permanent; wide differences
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| may be based on birth or result from individual accomplishments in stratified societies | differences
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| most stratified societies are economically organized by __ __ & generally based on __ & industrialism | market exchange; agriculture
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| stratified societies are most __ __ kinds of societies & associated w/political organization called __ | socially complex; state
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| power ultimately derives from __ __ __ that people need or desire | control of resources
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| authority is only one important __ __ __ | source of power
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| power of political office holder may derive from afforded __, but also from __ __ that comes from control of resources | respect; coercive ability
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| power can be held by people __ __ authority | without any
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| political ideology is often __ to greater extent by those who __ most from it | accepted; benefit
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| when fewer people in a society have less acceptance of resigning political ideology, society may relay on greater use of __, & perhaps even __ to maintain itself | coercion; violence
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| contribute to maintaining order in almost all societies | coercion & consensus
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| by definition all political behavior affects, but is not always in, the __ __ | public interest
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| political behavior of groups & individuals may be motivated by __ & __ | altruism; idealism
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| in __ __ societies those in power use various means to establish hegemony | politically complex
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| __ __ institutions are sources of power & authority | formal political
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| in many __ __ use of power, authority, decision making, & coordination/regulation of human behavior are not formally separated from other aspects of culture | small-scale societies
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| in many small-scale societies power, authority, decision making, & coordination/regulation of human behavior are embedded in __ __ such as kinship, economics & religion | social institutions
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| in small-scale societies leadership may be based on __ __ as head of family, lineage or clan | individual's position
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| where __ intervention is important aspect of decision making, individuals with perceived __ __ have important political roles in society | supernatural; supernatural power
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| politics involves control over distribution of goods/services, power & authority are embedded in economic roles & modes of exchange | chiefs NW Coast of N America & bigmen of Papua New Guinea
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| politics involves control over distribution of goods/services, power & authority are embedded in economic roles & modes of exchange exists in __ __ also | complex societies
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| in most small-scale societies __ did not hold formal political office | women
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| certain offices reserved to represent women's interests | Yoruba of Nigeria
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| some groups had female ruler & council that parallel that of king & his council but were concerned w/women's affairs | Igbo of Nigeria
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| had women paramount chiefs who were seen as "mothers writ large" | Mende in Sierra Leone
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| derived authority & power from reproductive & supportive roles of women as mothers | "mothers writ large"
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| Mende women's secret society was very powerful, reflecting important economic roles of wives, who were authority figures & might even succeed a chief in office | Sande
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| one of most famous Mende women of power; 19th-century succeeded husband in office & was recognized as paramount chief in 1884 | Madam Yoko
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| women derive power from control over marketing agricultural & other products | W Africa
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| women's power is interwoven w/roles in kinship, ceremonial, & economic systems; matrilineal society | Minangkabau & Hopi
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| emphasizes how power changes hands & how new kinds of political organization & ideologies develop | study of political processes
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| political processes are never __ | static
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| use of power & authority may __ a social order, avoid or resolve __, & promote __ __ | stabilize; conflict; general welfare
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| power & authority may be used to __ prevailing political power & change/destroy __ political systems | contest; existing
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| groups/factions, as well as governments, use __ & __ means to gain their ends; one is no less political than the other | legitimate; illegitimate
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| __ & __ do not necessarily destroy social order | conflict; violence
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| blood feuds or legally sanctioned death penalties are examples if violence as __ __ of dealing w/conflict & solving disputes | legitimate means
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| conflict may even support social order, as competition for __ __ makes them seem worth fighting for | legitimate goals
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| violent conflict for political office emphasizes that the __ __ view office as politically important | conflicting groups
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| for society to function satisfactorily there must be some __ among its members | conformity
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| societies organized through kinship & face-to-face social relations conformity is largely achieved through ___ of it norms & values | internalization
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| in complex societies internalization of norms regulates in addition to behavior through government control of social institutions with regulatory process & capability & willingness to __ __ | use force
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| every society has some __ __ to deal w/non-normative behavior & conflict | social mechanism
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| face-to-face & informal groups w/in complex societies, informal mechanisms such as __ & __ can be effective ways to ensure conformity | gossip; ridicule
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| fear of __ __ is an informal control mechanism | witchcraft accusations
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| in societies w/witchcraft beliefs, accusations are directed at those who stand __ group, are __, have nasty temper, or refuse to __ according to group norms | above; malicious; share
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| fear of being accused of witchcraft exerts __ on people to conform | pressure
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| small-scale communities use __ to sanction social deviants | avoidance
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| in small-scale communities a person __ by others is at great psychological & economic disadvantage | shunned
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| complex societies avoidance is effective in __ groups within __ institutions | smaller; larger
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| supernatural sanctions regulate __ __ in almost all societies | human behavior
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| violation of a social norm that calls forth punishment by supernatural forces | sin
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| incest is sin; brings divinely imposed skin affliction cause by insect spontaneously generated by sexual act that breaches incest taboo | Trobriand Islands
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| law refers to situation where __ __, or some part, is __ to punish an offender against a society's most important norms | whole community; authorized
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| in complex societies functions of law belong to __ __ institutions | separate legal
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| law distinguished from more general reciprocal __ & __ that underlie conformity in all societies | rights; obligations
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| law addresses conflict that would otherwise disrupt __ __ | community life
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| politically complex societies, such as contemporary nation-states, law address both __ against state & __ between individuals | crimes; conflicts
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| structurally simple societies disputes between individuals treated as __ __ to society because they have ripple effects throughout community | potential threats
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| conflict management is egalitarian society more often directed at maintaining existing __ __ than defining __ &__ __ | social relationships; winners; losers
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| bands, tribes, chiefdoms, & states are four | ideal types of political organization
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| typical political organization of egalitarian society | bands & tribes
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| characteristic of foragers | band organization
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| generalized/balanced reciprocity dominates __ __ in band society | economic exchange
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| bands are fairly independent of one another w/few higher levels of __ __ or __ __ of leadership | social integration; centralized mechanisms
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| band society has minimal role __ & few __ of wealth, prestige, or power | specialization; differences
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| bands tend to be __ w/ties between then mainly established by __ | exogamous; marriage
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| __ __ systems link individuals to many different bands through ties of blood & marriage | bilateral kinship
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| __ relations also link individuals to other band members | trading
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| flexible & people may change residence from one band to another fairly easily | membership in bands
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| flexibility of band organization is particularly __ for foraging way of life & low __ __ | adaptive; population density
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| band society has no __ __, decision making is by __ | formal leadership; consensus
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| usually older mean/women who experience, traditional knowledge, & special skills/success in foraging are source of prestige | foraging band leaders
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| foraging band leaders can only __ & __ others to their leadership on basis of past performance | persuade; attract
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| local leader is called "The One Whom All Listen", "He Who Thinks" or "He Who Knows Everything Best" | local Inuit leaders
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| __ & __ important values & course of respect in foraging bands | sharing; generosity
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| successful Inuit whaling captains who do not generously distribute their accumulated wealth are merely called | rich men
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| Inuit rich men are distinguished from those whose superior ability & __ make them __ leader of village | generosity; respected
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| social order in band society is maintained informally through __, __, & __ | gossip; ridicule; avoidance
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| in extreme cases of social order in band society a person may be __ or __ __ of community | killed; driven out
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| supernatural sanctions important means of social control | Inuit
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| violations of norms, w/in Inuit bands, are considered __ & offenders may be controlled through __ __ | sins; ritual means
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| Intuit ritual means of social control are __ __ which are directed at a shaman | public confessions
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| Inuit offenders are called __ & led to __ all taboo violated | patients; confess
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| romanticized view of band society as nonviolent based on confusion between __ & __ violence | collective; personal
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| do not engage in collective violence but men frequently fight & these often result in death | Ju/'hoansi
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| social mechanism of band societies that minimize conflict | flexible band membership
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| process called flux operates; separates people in conflict preventing prolonged hostility | Mbuti
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| bands regularly break up into smaller units & reform into larger ones throughout year | flux
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| weapons are words; each contestants tries to deliver traditional compositions w/greatest skill; one for who audience claps loudest is winner | song duels
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| Inuit band disputes are sometimes resolved through __ __ that involve physical action | public contests
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| in Inuit bands murder is resolved by | killing the murder
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| winning song duel is not based on __ of the conflict | facts
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| judgment of community is accepted by song duel contestants & original complaint is | laid to rest
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| because of low level of technology, lack of formal leadership, & other ecological factors __ __ __ in most band societies | warfare is absent
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| when band societies encounter technologically & culturally dominant groups bands tend to __ & __ themselves in marginal areas rather than fight | retreat; isolate
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| defined as formally organized & culturally recognized patterns of collective violence against another society, or between segments with larger society | warfare
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| documenting societies were warfare is absent serves as __ that warfare is in our genes | counterexample
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| tribes are primarily found among __ & __ | pastoralists; horticulturalists
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| tribe's characteristic economic institutions are __ & __ although larger states may participate in __ __ | reciprocity; redistribution; market systems
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| tribes are basically egalitarian w/no important differences among members in __, __, & __ | wealth; status; power
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| tribes do have __ or __ political institutions or roles | distinct; centralized
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| in tribes __ & __ __ embedded in kinship, religion, or other cultural institutions | power; social control
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| tribes usually organized into __ kin groups which are units of political __ & __ of basic economic resources | unilineal; activity; owners
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| consistent w/larger populations of horticultural/pastoral societies is emergence of __ __ groups larger than __ __ | local kin; nuclear family
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| effective political unit in tribal society is __; most of time local units of tribe operate __ | shifting; independently
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| local units may be in state of ongoing violent conflict among themselves | Yanomamo
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| __ __ among trial segments most often occurs in response to threat of attach from another society or opportunity to attach another society | higher-level unity
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| __ __ of tribal society may be integrated in various ways, such as age & sex as basis of __ __ who move through life's stages together | local segments; organized groups
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| cross-cultural comparison of societies in which age is important basis of organization suggest that they are associated w/frequent __ & __ __ __ | warfare; unstable local groups
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| age sets provide more dependable source of __ when men cannot rely on kin as allies in warfare | allies
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| males follow well-ordered progression through series of age grades; entry into each requires formalized rite of passage; new age grade opened to group of boys every 14 years | Maasai
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| Maasai boys are initiated into __ __ after childhood, & last about 15 years | warrior stage
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| period of training in social, political, & military skills, & traditionally geared to warfare & cattle raiding | Maasai warriorhood
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| Maasai warriors graduate to less active status, during which they can | marry
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| 20 years after formation of age grade, when another grade becomes established, original grade retires to __ in another great ceremony of Maasai | elderhood
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| Maasai __ are cohesive group providing reciprocal hospitality when visiting each other’s villages, expressing warm & intimate relationships | age-mates
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| periodically bring together different sections of Maasai tribes, renewing shared identity & sense of unity & cooperation, confirming system of leadership under age grade spokesperson | age grade ceremonies
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| military societies among some Plains Indian tribes, secrete societies found in W Africa, & segmentary lineage system of Nuer are associations that cut across & integrate | local segments of tribes
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| many had different kinds of leaders for different activities | Native American societies
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| had war leaders & peace leaders | Cheyenne
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| had different leaders for war, hunting ceremonies, & clans | Ojibwa
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| misinterpreted Ojibwa political system & imposed Western concept of supreme leader/chief | Europeans
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| when Canadian government insisted Ojibwa must have chief they coined native word okimakkan which translated as | fake chief
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| bigman is tribal leader found throughout | Melanesia & Papua New Guinea
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| by giving generously a bigman places many others under __ to him | obligation
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| bigmen command __ from their followers through personal relationship of gratitude & obligation | obedience
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| bigman depends on personality & constant striving of an individual, it is a __ __ of tribal integration | fragile mechanism
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| bigmen must spur local group on to __ __ because must give __ more than they give him | greater production; competitors
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| under certain ecological & social conditions __ __ __ may emerge in some tribal societies which then develop into __ | permanent political leadership; chiefdoms
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| tribes depend mainly on __ __ for controlling deviant behavior & settling conflicts | informal mechanisms
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| formal social control mechanisms came into play during summer season when Cheyenne bands came together for __ buffalo hunts & __ __ | communal; tribal ceremonies
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| on Cheyenne buffalo hunt __ __ required because an individual hunter could ruin hunt for other by alarming & scattering buffalo | strict discipline
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| function of tribal "police" to get deviant to conform to tribal law in interest of welfare of tribe; operated only during hunt period | military associations of Cheyenne
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| many tribal societies used mediation to resolve conflicts with __ relationships | ongoing
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| mediations resolves disputes so that __ __ between disputants maintained & __ restored to social order | social relationship; harmony
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| conflict between individuals addressed at a moot | Kpelle of Liberia
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| form of mediation which takes place before assembled group of kinsmen & neighbors; reconciliation achieved w/minimum resentment, so conflicts do not continue & disrupt social order | moot
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| kava-drinking circle in Pacific Island Kingdom of Tonga is example of | community-oriented mechanism
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| indigenous alcoholic drink often consumed in ritual contexts throughout Oceania | kava
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| in Tonga, kava is __ __ activity that serves as nonviolent alternative to alcohol-drinking events | semi-ritual male
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| informal social context in which status distinctions are dissolved & men air their grievances & reconcile differences in atmosphere of social camaraderie | kava circle
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| operates through formal courts, is costly & time consuming, & frequently leaves disputants feeling dissatisfied w/outcomes | adversarial system
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| divorce proceedings, minor civil disputes, & conflicts in school, housing projects, neighborhoods, & workplace, as well as international disputes between nations use | meditations to resolve
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| tribal societies have a __ __ of warfare | high degree
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| __ explanation suggests that warfare helps regulate balance between population & resources in tribal societies | ecological
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| warfare is one way for societies to expand when they are experiencing __ __ or have reached __ __ __ to unoccupied lands | population increase; limits of expansion
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| tribal warfare may also be linked to __ & __, which promote male solidarity | partilineality; patrilocality
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| matrilineal society that carried out warfare over long distances | Iroquois
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| grounded in historical, material, cultural, & ecological conditions, & not in any biologically based human instinct for aggression | war
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| sometimes called "fierce people"; well known for high level of personal violence & frequent warfare; violence by men against women, among men in same village, & between villages central to culture | Yanomamo of Amazon in Venezuela & Brazil
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| explains ongoing Yanomamo warfare & violence as way of preserving village autonomy | Napoleon Chagnon
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| high degree of violent conflict of Yanomamo men within villages leads to division of villages into __ __ | hostile camps
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| Yanomamo violence & warfare helps control population, not by causing deaths in battles but indirectly through __ __ | female infanticide
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| notes that extreme Yanomamo violence documented by Chagnon in 1960s was precipitated in 1940s by severe depopulation caused by European disease epidemics, fatal malnutrition, & intensified competition over European goods | Brian Ferguson
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| __ __ must be considered along with other explanations of Yanomamo fierceness | historical factors
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| chiefdom is made up of parts that are __ & __ different from one another | structurally; functionally
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| chiefdoms have been called 1st step in integrating village units within a | multicommunity political organization
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| defines chiefdom as autonomous political unit comprising number of villages/communities under permanent control of paramount chief | Robert Caneiro
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| Caneiro holds that chiefdoms are important human cultural __ because in this type of society villagers 1st surrendered political autonomy to leaders from other villages, creating __ __ of political authority in society | invention; second level
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| chiefdoms vary greatly on __ __ | social complexity
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| had monumental architecture, distinct ceremonial centers, elaborate grave goods reflecting high social status, & larger settlements, or administrative centers, surrounded by smaller villages | ancient chiefdoms
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| each __ __ within chiefdom may also have had its own chief or council | geographical unit
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| chiefdoms are found mainly among __ & __ or __ __ societies where food resources are plentifully available | cultivators; pastoralists; few foraging
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| chiefdoms are organized through kinship & have __ leadership | centralized
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| __ __ inherited & often sustained by religious authority | chiefly office
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| chiefdom kept lengthy __ __ of names & acts of specific chiefs, used to verify claims to rank & chiefly title | genealogical records
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| anthropologists argue that rise of chief related to __ __ of redistribution | exchange pattern
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| in chiefdoms redistribution may occur infrequently in order for chief to maintain control of population by __ or __ | coercion; despotism
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| rights to manage all economic resources were held by individuals although relatives could not be prevented from using them; inheritance passed through line of eldest son only | Nootka
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| office of chief lesser son was ranked lower than that of __ __ & were typically expressed in terms of wealth | eldest son
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| terms of wealth consisted of symbolic wealth which consists of right to use special names, perform certain ceremonial functions, sponsor potlatches, & wear certain items of clothing & decoration | rank of chief's sons
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| some of most complex chiefdoms found in | Polynesia
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| society divided into Ari'i, Ra'atira, & Manahune; social rank had economic, political, & religious aspects | Tahiti
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| immediate families of chiefs of most important lineages in larger districts; had most Mana because closest to ancestral gods from which mana comes; anything touched became poison for those below in rank | Ari'i
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| heads of less important lineages & their families; \ | Ra'atira
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| included remainder of population | Manahune
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| spiritual power possessed by all people, but in different degrees depending on rank | Mana
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| separated those with more mana from those w/less & also regulated social relations among the ranks | elaborate body of taboos
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| some Polynesian islands highest chief was kept __ from other people & even used __ __ that one else was allowed to use | away; special vocabulary
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| pastoral nomads; stick to migration schedules & fixed routes to avoid exhaustive grazing of area, famine of flocks, & intertribal fighting | Basseri
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| important role of chief for Basseri is to __ __ of tribe & __ __ w/outsiders through territories they must move | coordinate movements; conduct relations
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| internal violence within chiefdoms is lower than in tribes because chief has authority to make __, __ __ individuals, & __ disputes | judgments; punish deviant; resolve
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| stability of Basseri rests on mainly decisions __ __ __ consensus | backed up by
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| Trobriand islands power of chief to punish people is achieved partly by hiring __ to kill offenders by magic | sorcerers
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| greatest power of Trobriand chief lies in control of __ __ | garden magic
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| ultimate power of Trobriand island chief is his magical control of __, used when chief is angry as means of collective punishment & enforcement of his will | rain
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| social order in chiefdoms is maintained through __ & __ __ for & loyalty to the chief | fear; genuine respect
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| kinship ties do not extend throughout whole society & does not regulate relations between different social classes | state societies
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| __ of state rests on ties of citizenship which supplant those of blood & marriage for many purposes | legitimacy
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||||
| enables state to expand without splitting, through incorporation of variety of political units, classes, & ethnic groups | concept of citizenship
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| states can become more __, __, & __ than any other kind of political organization | populous; heterogeneous; powerful
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| cannot be explained by any one theory of cause & effect | origin of the state
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| state that emerged out of military triumph | Asante
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| anthropological theories of state formation tend to emphasize __ or __ & __ | conflict; integration; functionalism
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| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize benefits of state __ __ __ | to its members
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|
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| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize its ability to provide stability needed for __ & __ development | growth; technological
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|
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| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize ts ability to provide __ __ __ of its citizens | protection of rights
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|
||||
| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize ts ability to provide effective mechanisms for __ __ of disputes | peaceful settlement
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|
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| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize ts ability to provide protection of __ & __ arrangements | trade; financial
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|
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| functionalist theories about state formation emphasize its ability to __ | expand
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|
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| Conflict theories about state formation emphasize emergence of state as directly connected w/emergence of __ __ that protects power & privileges through __ __ & __ of political ideology | elite class; coercive power; management
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|
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| interrelated set of status roles that become separate from other aspects of social organization | centralized government
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| states are characterized by __ government | centralized
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| in state societies groups based on __ become central & individual belongs through __ | territory; citizenship
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|
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| are territorial units, cities, districts, & so on | administrative divisions of states
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|
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| each unit of state society has its __ government, but not independent of central government | own
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|
||||
| in state societies, government emerges as social institution specifically concerned w/making & enforcing __ __ & engages in other functions that keep __ __ | public policy; society going
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| state intervenes in __ __ of economic process | every aspect
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|
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| through __ state stimulates agricultural production of households | taxation
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|
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| state can order people to work on roads & buildings, & to serve in armies, thus affecting workforce available for agriculture | state controlling labor
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| states economic, coordinating, & controlling functions require extensive record keeping, giving rise to | writing & systems of weights & measures
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|
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| state uses __ __ __ to make clear how & when it will use force & forbids individuals/groups to use force except under state's authorization | code of law
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|
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| state laws are passed by authorized __ __ & enforced by formal & specialized institutions of __ __ | legislative bodies; law enforcement
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|
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| have authority to impose all kinds of punishments, fines, confiscation of property, imprisonment, & even death | courts & police forces
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|
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| engaging in warfare strengthens power of state & leads to increased __ __ because of greater need to regulate daily life & suppress internal conflict | political centralization
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|
||||
| in state society coercion replaced __ __ | voluntary recruitment
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|
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| illustrates many typical qualities of early or __ __ __ | preindustrial state societies
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|
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| key factor in rise & maintenance of state societies | social stratification
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|
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| states maintain power by maintaining control over | centralized governments & its institutions
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|
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| states maintain power by establishing hegemony, through identifying interests of elite w/those of society at large through | encoding it in culture & law
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|
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| Asante elite's hegemony in culturally legitimizing connection between wealth & power was essential in maintaining | state stability
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|
||||
| nation popularly felt by members to be __ __ based on bonds of common descent, language, culture, history, & territory | natural entity
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|
||||
| all modern nation-states are composed of many __ __ | ethnic groups
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|
||||
| calls nation-states imagined communities because it takes an act of imagination to weld many disparate groups that make up state into coherent national community | Benedict Anderson
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|
||||
| one way nation-state construct __ __ is to draw boundaries between spatially defined insider & outsiders | national identities
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|
||||
| __ __ of past essential in creating national identities | common interpretation
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|
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| n regulating human behavior, law is only one among many | forms of social control
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|
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| tribal society imagines all of its members to be | related by kinship
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|
||||
| compared with tribal societies, chiefdoms are likely to have | lower levels of internal violence
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|
||||
| film, Well Founded Fear, made by two anthropologists, is about refugees trying to enter the United States as | victims of political and economic persecution in their homelands
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|
||||
| all human societies have some __ __ for dealing with people who break the rules | normative system
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|
||||
| one of by-products of many wars & racial, religious, ethnic, political conflicts, human rights violations, & genocides of 20th-21st centuries has been creation of | millions of refugees
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|
||||
| since WWII there been approx. 16 million | refugees worldwide
🗑
|
||||
| in order to be granted __ __ a refugee must prove "well-founded" fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, membership in particular social group or political opinion | political asylum
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|
||||
| any foreigner who finds way into US may apply for __ __ under political asylum | refugee protection
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|
||||
| officers make decisions to approve/deny applications for political asylum in US | Immigration & Naturalization Service (INS)
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|
||||
| in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum from __ __ in China | one-child policy
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|
||||
| in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum from rule that women __ __ __ in Algeria | must be veiled
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|
||||
| in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum from suppression of __ __ in Romania & Nigeria | political dissent
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|
||||
| in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum __ __ __ in former Soviet Union | persecution of Jews
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|
||||
| in film, Well Founded Fear, shows issues involving refugees fleeing from __ in Haiti & | violence
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|
||||
| in film, Well Founded Fear, shows W Africa women seeking asylum on their fear of __ __ __ if they remain in their home countries | force female mutilation
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|
||||
| organization launched by anthropologist in Detroit designed to improve refugees' chance for employment | RefugeeWorks
🗑
|
||||
| fixed & secure __ __ is essential characteristic of contemporary states | geographic border
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|
||||
| central concern for all governments is __ of state borders | vulnerability
🗑
|
||||
| plays important role in economic globalization | labor migration
🗑
|
||||
| give protection of state borders new political & economic urgency | fears of terrorist attacks
🗑
|
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