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Political Organization

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Question
Answer
show acephalous  
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show age grades  
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show age set  
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ability to cause others to act based on characteristics such as honor, status, knowledge, ability, lineage, respect/holding of formal public office   show
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show band  
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self-made leader who gains power through personal achievements rather than through political office   show
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society w/social ranking in which political integration is achieved through office of centralized leadership called the chief; typical political organization of rank society   show
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show citizenship  
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show egalitarian society  
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show ethnic boundaries  
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categories of people who see themselves as sharing ethnic identity that differentiates them from other groups/larger society   show
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show ethnicity  
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informal alliances within well-defined political units such as lineages, villages/organizations   show
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deliberate & systematic extermination of a national, racial, political/cultural (ethnic) group   show
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interrelated set of status roles that become separate from other aspects of social organization, such as kinship, in exercising control over a population   show
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show hegemony  
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groups of people who have occupied region for long time & recognized by other groups as its original/very ancient inhabitants   show
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indigenous peoples are often __ with little influence in the government of __ that controls their land   show
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show small-scale; European  
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means of social control & dispute management through systematic application of force by politically constituted authority   show
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show leadership  
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form of managing disputes that uses offices of 3rd party to achieve voluntary agreement between disputing parties   show
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sovereign, geographically based state that identifies itself as having distinctive national culture & historical experience   show
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show political ideology  
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show political organization  
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ways in which individuals & groups use power to achieve public goals   show
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ability to control resources in one’s own interest & to cause individuals/groups to take actions that they may prefer not to take on their own accord   show
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society characterized by institutionalized differences in prestige but no important restrictions on access to basic resources   show
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attempt of group within society to force redistribution of resources & power; reallocate resources within existing political structure   show
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people who have been uprooted from native lands & forced to cross national boundaries   show
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attempt to overthrow existing form of political organization & put another type of political structure in its place   show
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W African societies whose membership & rituals are known only to society members; most significant function is the initiation of boys & girls into adulthood   show
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show segmentary lineage system  
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number of groups & their interrelationships in a society   show
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relative access individuals & groups have to basic material resources, wealth, power, & prestige   show
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show state  
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show stratified society  
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culturally distinct population whose members consider themselves descended from same ancestor   show
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show tributary mode of exchange  
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show war  
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show social disorder; social discontent  
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every society must provide means of managing __, __, & __   show
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every society must provide means of generally __ behavior so that it is __ with social order   show
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show specific type of political organization  
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show complexity  
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show intimately connected  
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show systems of social differentiation  
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in egalitarian society age & sex/gender differences are basis for __ __   show
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show accumulation of wealth  
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show inheritance  
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show fixed number; many people  
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show generalized; balanced reciprocity  
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egalitarian societies usually associated with forms of political organizations called __ or __   show
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show prestige; symbolic resources  
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show hereditary  
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rank societies are normally based on highly productive __ or __, which permit sufficient accumulation of food   show
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show appropriated; redistributed  
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show redistribution; balanced reciprocity  
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social ranking in rank societies is associated with form of political organization   show
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in stratified societies __, __, & __ are frequently inherited   show
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show permanent; wide differences  
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show differences  
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most stratified societies are economically organized by __ __ & generally based on __ & industrialism   show
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show socially complex; state  
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power ultimately derives from __ __ __ that people need or desire   show
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authority is only one important __ __ __   show
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show respect; coercive ability  
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power can be held by people __ __ authority   show
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political ideology is often __ to greater extent by those who __ most from it   show
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show coercion; violence  
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contribute to maintaining order in almost all societies   show
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show public interest  
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show altruism; idealism  
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in __ __ societies those in power use various means to establish hegemony   show
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__ __ institutions are sources of power & authority   show
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in many __ __ use of power, authority, decision making, & coordination/regulation of human behavior are not formally separated from other aspects of culture   show
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in many small-scale societies power, authority, decision making, & coordination/regulation of human behavior are embedded in __ __ such as kinship, economics & religion   show
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in small-scale societies leadership may be based on __ __ as head of family, lineage or clan   show
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where __ intervention is important aspect of decision making, individuals with perceived __ __ have important political roles in society   show
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show chiefs NW Coast of N America & bigmen of Papua New Guinea  
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politics involves control over distribution of goods/services, power & authority are embedded in economic roles & modes of exchange exists in __ __ also   show
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show women  
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show Yoruba of Nigeria  
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some groups had female ruler & council that parallel that of king & his council but were concerned w/women's affairs   show
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had women paramount chiefs who were seen as "mothers writ large"   show
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derived authority & power from reproductive & supportive roles of women as mothers   show
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Mende women's secret society was very powerful, reflecting important economic roles of wives, who were authority figures & might even succeed a chief in office   show
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show Madam Yoko  
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women derive power from control over marketing agricultural & other products   show
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show Minangkabau & Hopi  
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emphasizes how power changes hands & how new kinds of political organization & ideologies develop   show
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political processes are never __   show
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use of power & authority may __ a social order, avoid or resolve __, & promote __ __   show
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power & authority may be used to __ prevailing political power & change/destroy __ political systems   show
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show legitimate; illegitimate  
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show conflict; violence  
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show legitimate means  
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show legitimate goals  
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violent conflict for political office emphasizes that the __ __ view office as politically important   show
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for society to function satisfactorily there must be some __ among its members   show
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show internalization  
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in complex societies internalization of norms regulates in addition to behavior through government control of social institutions with regulatory process & capability & willingness to __ __   show
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show social mechanism  
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face-to-face & informal groups w/in complex societies, informal mechanisms such as __ & __ can be effective ways to ensure conformity   show
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show witchcraft accusations  
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show above; malicious; share  
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show pressure  
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small-scale communities use __ to sanction social deviants   show
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in small-scale communities a person __ by others is at great psychological & economic disadvantage   show
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complex societies avoidance is effective in __ groups within __ institutions   show
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show human behavior  
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show sin  
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incest is sin; brings divinely imposed skin affliction cause by insect spontaneously generated by sexual act that breaches incest taboo   show
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show whole community; authorized  
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in complex societies functions of law belong to __ __ institutions   show
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show rights; obligations  
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show community life  
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politically complex societies, such as contemporary nation-states, law address both __ against state & __ between individuals   show
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show potential threats  
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conflict management is egalitarian society more often directed at maintaining existing __ __ than defining __ &__ __   show
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show ideal types of political organization  
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typical political organization of egalitarian society   show
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show band organization  
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generalized/balanced reciprocity dominates __ __ in band society   show
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bands are fairly independent of one another w/few higher levels of __ __ or __ __ of leadership   show
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band society has minimal role __ & few __ of wealth, prestige, or power   show
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bands tend to be __ w/ties between then mainly established by __   show
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__ __ systems link individuals to many different bands through ties of blood & marriage   show
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__ relations also link individuals to other band members   show
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flexible & people may change residence from one band to another fairly easily   show
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show adaptive; population density  
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band society has no __ __, decision making is by __   show
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usually older mean/women who experience, traditional knowledge, & special skills/success in foraging are source of prestige   show
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foraging band leaders can only __ & __ others to their leadership on basis of past performance   show
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show local Inuit leaders  
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__ & __ important values & course of respect in foraging bands   show
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successful Inuit whaling captains who do not generously distribute their accumulated wealth are merely called   show
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Inuit rich men are distinguished from those whose superior ability & __ make them __ leader of village   show
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show gossip; ridicule; avoidance  
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show killed; driven out  
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show Inuit  
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violations of norms, w/in Inuit bands, are considered __ & offenders may be controlled through __ __   show
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show public confessions  
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Inuit offenders are called __ & led to __ all taboo violated   show
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show collective; personal  
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do not engage in collective violence but men frequently fight & these often result in death   show
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social mechanism of band societies that minimize conflict   show
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show Mbuti  
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show flux  
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weapons are words; each contestants tries to deliver traditional compositions w/greatest skill; one for who audience claps loudest is winner   show
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Inuit band disputes are sometimes resolved through __ __ that involve physical action   show
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in Inuit bands murder is resolved by   show
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show facts  
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show laid to rest  
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because of low level of technology, lack of formal leadership, & other ecological factors __ __ __ in most band societies   show
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when band societies encounter technologically & culturally dominant groups bands tend to __ & __ themselves in marginal areas rather than fight   show
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defined as formally organized & culturally recognized patterns of collective violence against another society, or between segments with larger society   show
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documenting societies were warfare is absent serves as __ that warfare is in our genes   show
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tribes are primarily found among __ & __   show
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show reciprocity; redistribution; market systems  
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tribes are basically egalitarian w/no important differences among members in __, __, & __   show
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tribes do have __ or __ political institutions or roles   show
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in tribes __ & __ __ embedded in kinship, religion, or other cultural institutions   show
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tribes usually organized into __ kin groups which are units of political __ & __ of basic economic resources   show
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show local kin; nuclear family  
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effective political unit in tribal society is __; most of time local units of tribe operate __   show
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show Yanomamo  
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show higher-level unity  
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show local segments; organized groups  
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cross-cultural comparison of societies in which age is important basis of organization suggest that they are associated w/frequent __ & __ __ __   show
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age sets provide more dependable source of __ when men cannot rely on kin as allies in warfare   show
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males follow well-ordered progression through series of age grades; entry into each requires formalized rite of passage; new age grade opened to group of boys every 14 years   show
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show warrior stage  
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period of training in social, political, & military skills, & traditionally geared to warfare & cattle raiding   show
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Maasai warriors graduate to less active status, during which they can   show
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20 years after formation of age grade, when another grade becomes established, original grade retires to __ in another great ceremony of Maasai   show
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show age-mates  
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show age grade ceremonies  
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show local segments of tribes  
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show Native American societies  
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had war leaders & peace leaders   show
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had different leaders for war, hunting ceremonies, & clans   show
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show Europeans  
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show fake chief  
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bigman is tribal leader found throughout   show
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show obligation  
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bigmen command __ from their followers through personal relationship of gratitude & obligation   show
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bigman depends on personality & constant striving of an individual, it is a __ __ of tribal integration   show
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bigmen must spur local group on to __ __ because must give __ more than they give him   show
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show permanent political leadership; chiefdoms  
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show informal mechanisms  
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formal social control mechanisms came into play during summer season when Cheyenne bands came together for __ buffalo hunts & __ __   show
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show strict discipline  
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show military associations of Cheyenne  
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show ongoing  
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show social relationship; harmony  
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conflict between individuals addressed at a moot   show
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form of mediation which takes place before assembled group of kinsmen & neighbors; reconciliation achieved w/minimum resentment, so conflicts do not continue & disrupt social order   show
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kava-drinking circle in Pacific Island Kingdom of Tonga is example of   show
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show kava  
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show semi-ritual male  
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informal social context in which status distinctions are dissolved & men air their grievances & reconcile differences in atmosphere of social camaraderie   show
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show adversarial system  
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show meditations to resolve  
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show high degree  
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__ explanation suggests that warfare helps regulate balance between population & resources in tribal societies   show
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show population increase; limits of expansion  
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tribal warfare may also be linked to __ & __, which promote male solidarity   show
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matrilineal society that carried out warfare over long distances   show
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grounded in historical, material, cultural, & ecological conditions, & not in any biologically based human instinct for aggression   show
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sometimes called "fierce people"; well known for high level of personal violence & frequent warfare; violence by men against women, among men in same village, & between villages central to culture   show
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show Napoleon Chagnon  
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high degree of violent conflict of Yanomamo men within villages leads to division of villages into __ __   show
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Yanomamo violence & warfare helps control population, not by causing deaths in battles but indirectly through __ __   show
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notes that extreme Yanomamo violence documented by Chagnon in 1960s was precipitated in 1940s by severe depopulation caused by European disease epidemics, fatal malnutrition, & intensified competition over European goods   show
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show historical factors  
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chiefdom is made up of parts that are __ & __ different from one another   show
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chiefdoms have been called 1st step in integrating village units within a   show
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show Robert Caneiro  
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show invention; second level  
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show social complexity  
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had monumental architecture, distinct ceremonial centers, elaborate grave goods reflecting high social status, & larger settlements, or administrative centers, surrounded by smaller villages   show
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show geographical unit  
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chiefdoms are found mainly among __ & __ or __ __ societies where food resources are plentifully available   show
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chiefdoms are organized through kinship & have __ leadership   show
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show chiefly office  
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show genealogical records  
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show exchange pattern  
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in chiefdoms redistribution may occur infrequently in order for chief to maintain control of population by __ or __   show
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rights to manage all economic resources were held by individuals although relatives could not be prevented from using them; inheritance passed through line of eldest son only   show
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office of chief lesser son was ranked lower than that of __ __ & were typically expressed in terms of wealth   show
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show rank of chief's sons  
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some of most complex chiefdoms found in   show
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society divided into Ari'i, Ra'atira, & Manahune; social rank had economic, political, & religious aspects   show
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immediate families of chiefs of most important lineages in larger districts; had most Mana because closest to ancestral gods from which mana comes; anything touched became poison for those below in rank   show
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heads of less important lineages & their families; \   show
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show Manahune  
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spiritual power possessed by all people, but in different degrees depending on rank   show
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show elaborate body of taboos  
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show away; special vocabulary  
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show Basseri  
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show coordinate movements; conduct relations  
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show judgments; punish deviant; resolve  
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stability of Basseri rests on mainly decisions __ __ __ consensus   show
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show sorcerers  
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show garden magic  
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show rain  
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show fear; genuine respect  
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show state societies  
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__ of state rests on ties of citizenship which supplant those of blood & marriage for many purposes   show
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show concept of citizenship  
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states can become more __, __, & __ than any other kind of political organization   show
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cannot be explained by any one theory of cause & effect   show
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show Asante  
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show conflict; integration; functionalism  
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functionalist theories about state formation emphasize benefits of state __ __ __   show
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show growth; technological  
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show protection of rights  
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show peaceful settlement  
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show trade; financial  
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show expand  
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Conflict theories about state formation emphasize emergence of state as directly connected w/emergence of __ __ that protects power & privileges through __ __ & __ of political ideology   show
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show centralized government  
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show centralized  
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show territory; citizenship  
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show administrative divisions of states  
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show own  
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show public policy; society going  
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show every aspect  
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through __ state stimulates agricultural production of households   show
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show state controlling labor  
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states economic, coordinating, & controlling functions require extensive record keeping, giving rise to   show
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state uses __ __ __ to make clear how & when it will use force & forbids individuals/groups to use force except under state's authorization   show
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show legislative bodies; law enforcement  
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show courts & police forces  
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show political centralization  
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in state society coercion replaced __ __   show
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show preindustrial state societies  
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key factor in rise & maintenance of state societies   show
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show centralized governments & its institutions  
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show encoding it in culture & law  
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Asante elite's hegemony in culturally legitimizing connection between wealth & power was essential in maintaining   show
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nation popularly felt by members to be __ __ based on bonds of common descent, language, culture, history, & territory   show
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all modern nation-states are composed of many __ __   show
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show Benedict Anderson  
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show national identities  
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__ __ of past essential in creating national identities   show
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n regulating human behavior, law is only one among many   show
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tribal society imagines all of its members to be   show
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compared with tribal societies, chiefdoms are likely to have   show
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show victims of political and economic persecution in their homelands  
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show normative system  
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one of by-products of many wars & racial, religious, ethnic, political conflicts, human rights violations, & genocides of 20th-21st centuries has been creation of   show
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show refugees worldwide  
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show political asylum  
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show refugee protection  
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officers make decisions to approve/deny applications for political asylum in US   show
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in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum from __ __ in China   show
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show must be veiled  
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show political dissent  
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in film, Well Founded Fear, applicants are claiming asylum __ __ __ in former Soviet Union   show
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in film, Well Founded Fear, shows issues involving refugees fleeing from __ in Haiti &   show
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show force female mutilation  
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organization launched by anthropologist in Detroit designed to improve refugees' chance for employment   show
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fixed & secure __ __ is essential characteristic of contemporary states   show
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central concern for all governments is __ of state borders   show
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plays important role in economic globalization   show
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show fears of terrorist attacks  
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