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1st 9 Weeks Review
Nine Weeks Test Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| structure | The arrangement or organization of parts in an organism or cell. |
| function/role | The specific activity (job) or purpose of a structure within an organism. |
| sequence/order | The arrangement of components in a specific pattern or series. |
| virus | A microscopic infectious agent that can only replicate inside a host cell. Has genetic material but is not made of cells. |
| cell | The basic unit of life; the smallest structure that can perform all life processes. |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid, the biomolecule that carries genetic information and is build to nucleotides. |
| capsid | The protein shell of a virus that encloses its genetic material. |
| host | An organism that a virus lives in or on and is needed to replicate. |
| genetic material | DNA/RNA that carries the genetic information (code) necessary for growth and reproduction. |
| homeostasis | The ability of an organism to maintain stable internal conditions. |
| microscopic | Too small to be seen with the naked eye; requires a microscope. |
| sugar-phosphate backbone | The structural framework of DNA and RNA made of sugar and phosphate groups. The outside of the ladder. |
| glucose | A carbohydrate that is an important energy source for living organisms. It is a product of cellular respiration and a reactant of photosynthesis. |
| cellular process | Any process that occurs within a cell to maintain life. |
| biomolecule | A molecule that is essential for life, such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. |
| lipid | A type of biomolecule that includes fats, oils, and waxes and is important for long-term energy storage. |
| protein | A biomolecule made of amino acids that performs a variety of functions in the body such as structure/support, enzymes, transport of large molecules through the cell membrane, and expressing traits. |
| nucleic acid | Biomolecule that stores and transmits genetic information (e.g., DNA and RNA). |
| carbohydrate | A biomolecule made of sugars, important for short/quick energy and communication in the cell membrane. |
| express | To show or reveal a trait or characteristic. |
| DNA helicase | An enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication. |
| molecular transport | The movement of molecules across cell membranes. |
| chemical reaction | A process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. |
| trait | A characteristic or feature of an organism. Example: curly hair or brown eyes |
| single-celled organism | An organism made up of only one cell. Example : bacteria/prokaryote |
| eukaryotic/eukaryote | Organisms with complex cells that have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Examples: animals, plants, fungi, protists |
| prokaryotic/prokaryote | Simple organisms without a nucleus and without membrane-bound organelles. Example: bacteria |
| organelle | Specialized structures within a cell that perform specific functions. Examples: nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, chloroplasts |
| cell membrane | A protective barrier that regulates what enters and leaves a cell to maintain homeostasis. |
| cell wall | A rigid outer layer that provides support and protection to cells like plant cells. |
| nucleus | The control center of a eukaryotic cell that contains genetic material. |
| membrane-bound | Refers to organelles that are surrounded by a membrane. Examples: nuclus and mitochondria |
| passive transport | The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy. High concentraion to low concentration. |
| active transport | The movement of substances against a gradient, requiring energy (ATP). Low concentration to high concentration. |
| gradient | A difference in concentration or charge across a space. |
| particle | A small object to which can be ascribed physical properties. Examples: atoms |
| chemical energy | Energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds. Example: ATP in glucose |
| solar/light energy | Energy from the sun, used by plants during photosynthesis. |
| thermal energy | Energy related to the temperature (heat) of a system. |
| cellular respiration | The process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into energy. C6H12O6 + O2 -------> H2O + CO2 + ATP |
| photosynthesis | The process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. H20 + CO2 + sunlight (solar) ----> C6H12O6 + O2 |
| interphase | The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division. Includes G1, S, G2. |
| S phase | The phase of interphase where DNA is replicated. |
| mitosis/M-phase | The process of nuclear division that results in two identical daughter cells. Includes prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. |
| nitrogenous bases | The building blocks of DNA and RNA (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, and uracil). A=T, G= C |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands during DNA replication. |
| replication | The process of copying DNA to produce two identical molecules. |
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