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Entomology Test One
Entomology Summer Session II Test One
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Reasons Insects Are Good Research Specimens | 1. Ease of culture 2. Rapid turnover rate 3. Availability of many individuals 4. Minimal ethical concerns |
| Feeding Specializtions of Insects | 1. Ingestion of detritus,rotting materials2. Aquatic filter feeding & grazing3. Herbivory, including sap feeding4. Predation & parasitism |
| Insect Habitats | water,land(soil) during part or all of their lives |
| Insect Lifestyles | Solitary (dung beetle)Gregarious (locusts)Subsocial (aphids)Highly social (honey bees) |
| Insect Traits | Conspicuous (lady bug)Mimics other objects (katydids,walking stick) Active by day or night |
| Insect Life Cycles | Survival under wide range of conditions(extreme heat or cold, wet or dry, unpredictable climates) |
| Insect Functions in Ecosystem | 1. Nutrient Recycling (carrion beetle) 2. Plant Propogation ( mirid bugs) 3. Plant Community Structure Maintenance (honey bees) 4. Food Source (crickets)5. Animal Community Maintainance (blood sucking bugs) |
| Insect Importance | 1. Keystone Species for critical ecological functions(termites convert cellulose in tropical Soils)2.Associated with Survival ( damage human health or animals, affect agriculture or horticulture) (mosquito or bot fly) |
| Insect Importance 2 | 3. Food or contribution to food (honey bees)4. Vast array of chemical compounds (chitin for medical purposes,silk, dyes)5. Provide economic or environmental benefits (drosophila-genetics, red flour beetles - sociobiology, Viceroy-mimicry) |
| Major Orders of Insects | 1. Beetles (Coleoptera) [350,000sp]2. Wasps,Ants,Bees (Hymenoptera)[250,000sp]3. Flies (Diptera) & Butterflies & Moths ( Lepidoptera)[150,000sp]4. True Bugs (Hemiptera)[95,000sp]5. All remaining Orders [20,000sp] |
| Factors Affecting Insect Species Richness | 1. Small body size(due to limited gas exchange through trachea,explore niches)2. Short generation line3. Sensory & neuromotor sophistication4. Evolutionary interactions5. Metamorphosis6. Mobile,winged adults7. Sexual dimorphism & selection |
| Beauty & Mystique of Insects | 1. Scarab beetles - religious Egypt2. Ornamental scarab beetles - Greek3. Cicadas- rebirth & immortality Chinese4. Ants & Bees - represent hard work to Europeans of Middle Ages5. Crickets,grasshoppers,cicadas,scarab & lucanids beetles - pets Japan |
| Ecotourism of Insects | 1. Mexico - Monarch overwintering2. Glow worms - New Zealand3. Butterfly Exhibits - Costa Rico |
| Insects for Food | 1. Entomophagy-popular in Africa,Asia,Australia & Latin America2. 1,000 species, 370 genera and 90 families used as food3. Protein sources with vitamins and minerals(5-10% annual protein of indigenous people) |
| Insect Mouthparts | 1. Labrum(upper lip) 2. Hypopharnyx (tongue) 3. Mandibles (jaws) 4. Maxillae (manipulate food) 5. Labium (lower lip) |
| Fused Head Segments | 1. Labral 2. Antennal 3, Post-antennal 4. Mandibular 5.Maxillary 6. Labial |
| Entognathus | Mouthparts are internal; examples:Protura,Diplura,Collembola(spring tails) |
| Ectognathus | Mouthparts are external; examples: Class Insecta |
| Mandibulate | Chewing mouthparts; mouthparts are moveable feeding appendages for seizing objects or chewing food;also used for defense,courtship,shelter construction Ex: Odonata,Coleoptera |
| Haustellate | sucking mouthparts; mouthparts are modified for taking liquid food; provide a sucking pump. Two types- Piercing-Sucking and Non-piercing sucking |
| Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts | Haustellate mouthparts that are suited for piercing the surface of plant or animal bodies; saliva is injected while feeding for digestion and anti-coagulation Ex: fleas,lice and mosquitoes |
| Non-Piercing Sucking Mouthparts | Haustellate mouthparts suited for taking water or nutrients dissolved in water, including nectar or honeydew Ex: bees, flies, butterflies |
| Mouthpart Orientation | 1. Hypognathus - head/mouth downward (grasshopper, flies)2. Prognathus -head/mouth forward (beetles)3. Opisthognathus - head/mouth backward (water strider,water bug) |
| Antennae Parts | 1. Scape 2. Pedicel 3. Flagellum |
| Thorax Divisions | 1. Prothorax (head,legs) 2. Mesothorax (wings,legs) 3. Metathorax (wings,legs,abdomen) |
| Leg Parts | 1. Coxa 2. Trochanter 3. Femur 4. Tibia 5. Tarsus 6. Pretarsus |
| Leg Modifications | 1. Cursorial-running(ground beetle,cockroach)2. Fossorial-digging(mole cricket) 3. Saltatorial-jumping(grasshopper,cricket) 4. Natatorial-swimming(water strider, whirligig beetle) 5.Prehensile-grasping(lice,fleas)6.Raptorial-seizing prey(mantid) |
| Cursorial Leg Modification | running(ground beetle,cockroach) |
| Fossorial Leg Modification | digging(mole cricket) |
| Saltatorial Leg Modification | jumping(grasshopper,cricket) |
| Natatorial Leg Modification | swimming(water strider, whirligig beetle) |
| Prehensile Leg Modification | grasping(lice,fleas) |
| Raptorial Leg Modification | seizing prey(mantid) |
| Insect Abdomen | Contains alimentary canal and dorsal circulatory vessel as well as Malpighian tubules, fat body, and reproductive organs; divided into 11 segments divided into dorsal tergum and ventral sternum |
| Abdominal S 1-8 | location of spiracles and ventral nerve cord ganglion |
| Insect Abdominal Modifications | 1.Locomotion - silverfish (3 bristle-tails on abdomen) 2. Respiratory & 3. Osmoregulatory - Mayfly (2 cerci that contain chlorine cells) 4. Defense - Earwig(pincers) Cockroach (sense vibrations) |
| Comstock-Needham System | system of naming major wing veins: 1. Costa(C) 2. Subcosta(Sc) 3. Radius(R) 4. Media(M) 5. Cubitus(Cu) 6. Anal Vein(A) |
| Tegmina | Thickened,leathery front wings on grasshopper used for protection |
| Elytra | Hard forewing covering that extends the length on the body (Ex: Coleoptera) |
| Hemelytra | Thickened forewing bases tha extend down half on insect body (Ex: Hemiptera) |
| Insect Integument | Largest organ system and exhibits diversity in structure and function;covered by exoskeleton and divided into 1. Cuticle 2. Epidermis 3. Basement membrane |
| Molting | digestion of old cuticle and deposition of new cuticle |
| Steps of Molting | 1.apolysis-epidermis dettachment2.molting fluid deopsition in exuvial space3.inner layer of epicuticle deposition4.molting fluid digests endocuticle5.scleratization of procuticle6.exuviae shed by ecdysis7.body expansion,cuticle hardens |
| Functions of Exoskeleton | 1.internal support & muscle attachment2.feeding,locomotion,reproduction3.barrier to water loss4.disease prevention5.camouflage & warning coloration6.receptors for environmental stimuli7.shape & size8.molting & ecdysis |
| Cuticle | Upper portion of insect integument; contains two segments: 1. Epicuticle 2. Procuticle |
| Epicuticle | Upper portion of cuticle;formed by dermal gland secretions to prevent water loss and protect against pathogens and chemicals |
| Procuticle | Lower portion of cuticle;chitin and protein-rich matrix secreted by the epidermis, and becomes a hard exocuticle & flexible endocuticle |
| Schlerotization | Hardening of the exocuticle involving tanning or cross-linking of the proteins |
| Epidermis | Middle layer of insect inregument composed of epidermal cells with pore canals that pass secretions to the procuticle and the epicuticle |
| Basement Membrane | Bottom layer of insect integument;connective tissue covering internal organs and internal surfaces of integument;separates organs from hemelymph and regulates flow of molecules to and from organs |
| Functions of Exoskeleton Examples 1 | Internal Support and Muscle Attachment-Skeletal muscles attach to the inner surface of the integument.Despite small size, insects have more muscles than vertebrates because the exoskeleton has more surface area than an endoskeleton(relative to body volume |
| Functions of Exoskeleton Examples 2 | Feeding,Locomotion and Reproduction- dermal glands in epidermis layer of integument secrete phermones |
| Functions of Exoskeleton Examples 3 | Barrier to Water Loss- The epicuticle's function is to reduce water loss and block the invasion of foreign matter |
| Functions of Exoskeleton Examples 4 | Prevention from Disease and Chemical Penetration- The epicuticle protects against pathogens and chemicals. |
| Functions of Exoskeleton Examples 5 | Camouflage and Warning Colorations- Hercules Beetle can change colors depending on humidity, yellow by day during drier conditions and black at night during more humid conditions |
| Functions of Exoskeleton Examples 6 | Receptors for Environmental Stimuli-Many flies have ‘taste hairs’ on their legs called setae ,Grasshoppers and other Orthoptera have tympanic organs, or organs for the detection of sound |
| Functions of Exoskeleton Examples 7 | Shape and Size-insects can only grow to a certain size due to gravity. The bigger something gets, the more gravity is being exerted on it, so basically insects would cave in on themselves if they got too big. |
| Functions of Exoskeleton Examples 8 | Molting and Edysis-Cicada molts and the exoskeleton shed during growth and a new, larger covering is formed |
| Insect Digestive System | Contains salivary glands and an elongate gut with 3 sections;storage of biochemical breakdown,absorption,excretion |
| Reproductive Organs | male's copulatory organ (called an aedeagus);female genital chamber called the bursa copulatrix; sperm can live in female for weeks,months or years!!!! |
| Hemocoel | insect body cavity;lined with endoderm and ectoderm;does not have atrue coelom |
| Hemolymph | combines heme and lymph;bathes all internal organs, delivers nutrients,removes metabolites,performs immune functions;rarely has respiratory pigment |
| Respiratory System | Gas exchange with tracheal system-air filled tubes or trachae with openings called spiracles(located on abdominal segments S1-8) |
| Excretory System | non-gaseous wastes filtered by Mapighian tubes (filaments of the gut);filtering system,distributed thru hemocoel and emptied into gut,modified and then eliminated |
| Nervous System | All motor,sensory & physiological processes controlled by nervous system in connection with hormones |
| Muscular System | terrestial & aquatic locomotion,contain cuticular exoskeleton with soft hydrostatic skeleton;contains striated muscle only;contains sarcolemma which connects muscle fibers directly to oxygen supply |
| Synchronous Muscles | slow wing beat muscles with one muscle contraction for each nerve impulse Ex:dragonfly,butterfly |
| Asynchronous Muscles | Fast wing beat frequencies which have multiple muscle contractions for each nerve impulse Ex: bees,wasps,house flies, ground beetles |
| Hypognathus | Head and mouth located downward on insect head Example: grasshopper, flies |
| Prognathus | Head and mouth located forward on insect head Example:beetles |
| Opisthognathus | Head and mouth loacted backward on insect head Example:water strider,water bug |
| Halteres | Modified wing structures found on Order Dipthera which allow flies to hover |
| Hemolymph | Fluid located dorsally; dorsal vessel is the major structural component of an insect's circulatory system. |
| Nervous System | Located ventrally;ventral nerve cord consists of chain of linked ganglia |
| Proboscis | the elongated mouthparts of certain insects, adapted for piercing or sucking food Example:butterfly |
Created by:
YoungbloodScience
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