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LECJ-BIO Exam 1
Biology Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define Biology | The scientific study of life in the natural world |
| Elements of Scientific Method | Observation, Hypothesis, Prediction, Test, Reject/Support |
| Advantage of Model Organisms | Faster (offspring), Cheaper to grow, Unethical to test humans, Similar to humans |
| Example of a Direct Study | Muscle biopsy |
| Example of an Indirect Study | Other potential causes of lung cancer |
| What is "Peer Reviewed"? | When leading scientists review experiments and conclusions before publication |
| How many elements are there? | 92 |
| Define Atom | Smallest form of an element |
| Life's complex molecules are built with what 4 simple atoms? | C, O, H, N |
| What is an atomic number? | # of protons |
| What is an atomic mass? | # of protons + neutrons |
| What are Protons? | In nucleus, positive charge |
| What are Neutrons? | In nucleus, no charge (neutral) |
| What are Electrons? | In shells revolving around nucleus, negative charge (react with other atoms, can be lost/gained/shared) |
| Atoms react because of ______ | Electrons |
| Atoms can have similar reactions to other atoms because ______ | They have the same # in the outermost shell |
| We need ______ to survive | Minerals (ions) |
| Molecules are built of ______ | 2 or more atoms bonded together |
| Covalent bonds are formed from ______ | Sharing |
| Ionic bonds are formed from ions (electrons _______) | loss/gain |
| Ions form when _____ forming an ionic bond | Atoms pull away electrons from atoms which lose them (Both become charged: 1 negative, 1 positive) |
| Ionic bonds | Opposite charges attract, usually called “salts” when dry, molecules disrupted in water (ions separate) |
| In covalent bonds | Electrons are shared to fill their outermost shell; large molecules can be built, not disrupted in water |
| Define Hydrophilic | “water loving” polar molecules and ions mix well with water |
| Define Hydrophobic | “water fearing” non-polar molecules repel water environments |
| Define Homeostasis | Life regulating its internal environment |
| pH = measures H+ concentration in solution on a ______ scale (10^-x) | - log |
| The highest H+ level (the most acidic) is ______ | 0 |
| The lowest H+ level (the most basic) is ______ | 14 |
| ______ resist changes in pH | Buffers |
| Organic molecules are molecules that contain ______ | Carbon |
| Complex organic molecules are called ______ | Polymers |
| Repeated segments are called ______ | Monomers |
| Name 4 biological organic molecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids |
| Simple sugars form in what shape? | Ringed (5 or 6 carbons) |
| What carbohydrate is our cells’ primary source of energy? | Glucose |
| Name two sugars that are two rings bonded together | Sucrose and lactose |
| Name three complex sugars (carbs), polymers of glucose rings | Starch-for storage in plants, Cellulose-for structure in plants, Glycogen-for storage in animals |
| Lipids are ______ | Hydrophobic |
| Triglycerides have 3 ______ attached to glycerol | Fatty acids |
| If a triglyceride is saturated then it has ______ double bonds | 0 |
| If a triglyceride is unsaturated then it has ______ double bonds | 1 or more |
| Phospholipids and Sterols are main components of ______ | Cell membranes |
| Proteins are involved in ______ | Almost every cellular function |
| Each protein is a unique polymer consisting of ______ amino acids | 20 |
| Proteins functions as | Enzymes, Transport, Cytoskeleton, Antibodies, DNA binding, Energy |
| Of the 20 amino acids, each has a unique ______ | “R” group |
| “R” groups can be ______ | Polar, Non-polar, Positive, or Negatively charged |
| “R” groups can influence an entire protein or just parts and define ______ | Its function |
| ______ is where substrates are held within an enzyme | Active site |
| Define Denaturation | The loss of protein (shape and function; permanent) |
| Name two causes of denaturation | Changing away from optimal pH, Higher than optimal temperature |
| Homeostasis is based off of ______ | pH and temperature |
| Define DNA | Large, double-stranded polymer of 4 nucleotides: A, G, C, and T |
| Define RNA | Smaller, single-stranded polymer of 4 nucleotides: A, G, C, and U |
| The function of the DNA and RNA is to carry out the ______ | Genetic code |
| Nucleotides are the monomers that make _______ | DNA and RNA |
| Name the three parts of a nucleotide | Phosphate, Sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
| Name the 5 different bases of a nucleotide | A, G, C, T, U |
| Name 2 different sugars that are nucleotides | Deoxyribose, and ribose |
| ATP is a nucleotide with 3 ________ | Phosphates |
| ATP is also known as the ________ | Cellular energy molecule |
| Prokaryotic cells (Bacteria) are the simplest body plan consisting of a ______ | Cell membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes |
| Prokaryotes have no ______ | Internal membrane-bound compartments (organelles) |
| ______ contain membrane-bound organelles | Eukaryotes |
| Plasma membrane is the cell border made of a ______ | Phospholipid bi-layer and proteins |
| The plasma membrane can _______ allow things to enter or exit (to keep homeostasis) | Selectively |
| The Nucleus houses the ______ | DNA |
| Nucleolus is inside the nucleus where _______ are produced | Ribosomes |
| The Endoplasmic reticulum is the _______ from nucleus to Golgi | Channel membrane |
| Ribosomes in the ER can be _______ | Rough (attached) or smooth (none attached) |
| Golgi body makes the final protein modifications for secretion _______ | Outside the cell |
| Name four traits of Mitochondria | Respiration, has inner membranes, has own DNA and replicates, increased with exercise |
| Name four traits of Chloroplasts | Photosynthesis, has inner membranes, has own DNA and replicates, increased with sunlight |
| Define Cytoskeleton | Proteins that give the cell shape and provide movement |
| Define Lysosome | Vesicle that degrades cellular debris |
| Define Peroxisome | Vesicle that detoxifies |
| Define Cell Wall | Of various materials in bacteria, fungi, and plants for protection |
| Define Centrioles | Pair of structures that give the cell polarity in animals |
| Name four traits of Photosynthesis | How organic molecules are made, needs sunlight for energy, occurs within a chloroplast, similar system in bacteria |
| What is the formula for photosynthesis? | Water + Carbon Dioxide --> Oxygen + Glucose |
| Name the three steps of light energy capture | 1) Light energy drives photosynthesis, 2) Chlorophyll molecule absorbs red and blue light energy (reflects green) 3) This energy drives the biochemistry of making glucose |
| What is the Calvin Cycle? | It is the biological pathway that “fixes” carbon to glucose from CO2 gas |
| In the Calvin Cycle the enzyme ______ binds CO2 | RUBISCO |
| In glycolysis ______ changes to pyruvate | Glucose |
| In glycolysis “splitting glucose” occurs into two ______ | Pyruvate molecules |
| Name three traits of glycolysis | Occurs in the cytoplasm, Does not need O2 to occur, most universal metabolic pathway |
| Fermentation is a form of ______ | Anaerobic respiration |
| Fermentation has the fastest ______ production | ATP |
| Name two examples of fermentation | 1) Lactic acid fermentation-animal muscles produce lactic acid, 2) Ethanol fermentation-plants and yeast produce ethanol |
| What are four characteristics of Cellular Respiration? | Glucose bonds provide energy for cellular work, most ATP per glucose, Occurs mostly within mitochondria, similar systems in some bacteria |
| What is the formula for cellular respiration? | Oxygen + Glucose → Water + Carbon Dioxide |
| What are the 3 steps of Respiration? | Glycolysis-glucose broken into 2 smaller molecules, Krebs Cycle-small organic molecules burned to CO2, Electron Transport Chain-NADH and FADH2 make H+ gradient in mitochondria (makes ATP) |
| Krebs Cycle is a form of ______ | Aerobic Respiration |
| What are the steps of the Krebs Cycle? | With adequate oxygen pyruvate moves into the mitochondria, Krebs cycle releases CO2, makes some ATP, Makes NADH and FADH2 |
| The electron transport chain functions as a ______ | H+ gradient and e- transport |
| Name the three steps of the ETC | 1) NADH and FADH2 donate H+ and e-, 2) e- transport pumps H+ concentration across to inner membrane, 3) H+ concentration is the battery force for ATP production, 4) O2 accepts H+ and e- to create H2O |
Created by:
lecjansen
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