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exam 2
adolescent & adult development
Term | Definition |
---|---|
the cultural and social categories of male and female is known as one's what? | gender |
the biological status of being male or female is known as one's what? | sex |
in traditional cultures, girls have ________ socialization at adolescence because their budding sexuality | narrower |
in traditional cultures, the world expands for boys with _______ socialization | broader |
in most cultures an adolescent boy must demonstrate three capacities before he is considered a man. what are these three capacities? | provide, protect, & procreate |
in developing countries, there are ____ education and occupation opportunities for girl | less |
in developing _________, there is less emphasis on physical advantages of boys | economies |
there are three types of historical manhood transformations. the first one took place in the 17th and 18th centuries. what type of manhood is this? | communal manhood |
in the 17th and 18th centuries, a young man’s transition into adulthood was marked by his ability to take on communal roles, reflecting a focus on serving the needs of the broader community. what type of manhood is this? | communal |
there are three types of historical manhood transformations. the second one took place in the 19th century. what type of manhood is this? | self-made manhood |
a young man in the 1800s might leave home to start his own business, reflecting a shift towards defining manhood through individual accomplishments rather than family or community roles. what type of manhood is this? | self-made |
what type of manhood took place in the 20th century? | passionate manhood |
in the 20th century, a young man might be encouraged to engage in physical challenges, showing strength and assertiveness as key traits of masculinity, rather than just focusing on being a provider or community figure. what type of manhood is this? | passionate manhood |
in __________ manhood, self-expression and self-enjoyment replaced self-control and self-denial as the paramount virtues | passionate |
in today's century, current manhood has more ___________ attitudes | egalitarian |
the ______ _______________ __________ suggests that as children enter adolescence, social pressures to conform to traditional gender roles intensify, leading to increased differences in behavior, attitudes, and self-concept between boys and girls. | gender intensification hypothesis |
during adolescence, girls may feel pressured to focus on appearance, while boys may feel pressured to act tough, due to increased gender role expectations. this is an example of the ______ ______________ __________ | gender intensification hypothesis |
____________ ______ _____________ refers to the process by which boys and girls are taught different behaviors, attitudes, and expectations based on their gender. | differential gender socialization |
parents might encourage boys to play with trucks and girls to play with dolls, reinforcing traditional gender roles from an early age. this is an example of the ____________ ______ ____________ | differential gender socialization |
which type of media displays the most obvious focus on gender socialization especially for adolescent girls | magazines |
young woman who use instagram may show higher __________ symptoms, lower ____-______, and ____ body dissatisfaction | depressive; self-esteem; more |
the ______ ______ ______ suggests that children develop mental schemas for understanding gender roles based on their culture, and these schemas influence how they process gender-related information and behave. | gender schema theory |
A child might believe that only girls wear pink and avoid choosing pink toys, applying a gender ______ they’ve learned from their environment. | schema |
at what age do children understand themselves as being either male or female? | 3 |
at what age can children identify things as appropriate for either males or females | 4/5 |
at what ages do perception of gender become less rigid? | 6-10 |
at what ages do perceptions of gender become more rigid – gender intensification | 12-16 |
____-_____________ refers to the process by which individuals actively shape their own gender identity and behaviors based on their understanding of gender norms and expectations. | self-socialization |
a girl might choose to join a soccer team, despite societal expectations that girls should prefer dance, because she enjoys the sport and identifies with a more active lifestyle. this is an example of ____-_____________ | self-socialization |
the ______ _____ ______ posits that gender differences in behavior and expectations arise from the social roles assigned to men and women, which are shaped by cultural norms and societal expectations. | social roles theory |
in a traditional workplace, men might be more likely to be seen in leadership roles, while women are often viewed as caregivers, influencing their career choices and opportunities based on societal expectations. this is a example of the _____ _____ ______ | social roles theory |
research shows that ___________ children are more flexible and creative than other children | androgynous |
the independent self is often part of an _______________ culture | individualistic |
the interdependent self is often part of a ____________ culture | collectivistic |
in adolescence, the ______ self answers the question "who am i?" | actual |
in adolescence, the _____ self answers the question "who i would like to become?" | ideal |
in adolescence, the _____ self answers the question "who i dread becoming?" | feared |
a person’s overall sense of worth and well-being is known as what? | self-esteem |
the way a person views and evaluates herself or himself is known as someone's what? | self-concept |
________ ____-______ refers to the stable level of self-esteem that an individual tends to maintain over time | baseline self-esteem |
a teenager may experience a boost in self-esteem after winning a sports competition but will return to their usual self-esteem level over time, reflecting their ________ self-esteem | baseline |
__________ ____-______ refers to the fluctuating, situational aspects of self-esteem that can change based on immediate experiences, feedback, or events. | barometric self-esteem |
a student may feel high self-esteem after receiving praise from a teacher for a project but experience a drop in self-esteem after receiving a poor grade on a test, reflecting the immediate impact of specific experiences. this is known as ____ self-esteem | barometric |
______ __________ refers to the feeling of being isolated or disconnected from others, often due to a lack of social relationships or interactions. | social loneliness |
a college student may feel socially lonely despite being surrounded by classmates because they have not formed close friendships or meaningful connections with anyone. this is an example of ______ __________ | social loneliness |
_________ _________ refers to the feeling of isolation stemming from a lack of emotional intimacy or close connections with others, even if one has social contacts. | emotional loneliness |
an individual might feel lonely in a crowded room at a party if they are not able to connect deeply with anyone, leaving them feeling unfulfilled despite being around others. this is an example of ________ ________ | emotional loneliness |
____________ __________ refers to a period during adolescence when individuals explore different identities and roles before committing to a specific one, allowing them to experiment and figure out who they are. | psychosocial moratorium |
a teenager may try out different extracurricular activities as they seek to understand their interests and values before deciding on a career path. this is an example of ____________ _________ | psychosocial moratorium |
from birth to 18 months, infants are in which erikson stage? | trust vs mistrust |
from 18 months to 3 years old, toddlers are in which erikson stage? | autonomy vs shame & doubt |
from ages 3 to 5 years old, children are in which erikson stage? | initiative vs guilt |
from ages 5 to 12 years old, children are in which erikson stage? | industry vs inferiority |
from ages 12 to 18 years old, teenagers are in which erikson stage? | identity vs role confusion |
from ages 18 to 40 years old, adults are in which erikson stage? | intimacy vs isolation |
from ages 40 to 65 years old, adults are in which erikson stage? | generativity vs. stagnation |
for adults over 65 years old, which erikson stage are they in? | integrity vs despair |
what are the four statuses in marcia's identity status model? | identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity achievement |
________ ________ refers to the formation of an identity based on the rejection of societal norms and expectations, often leading individuals to adopt roles or behaviors that are contrary to what is considered positive or acceptable. | negative identity |
a teenager might deliberately choose to associate with a group known for rebellious or delinquent behavior as a way to assert their identity in opposition to parental expectations or societal norms. this is an example of a ________ ________ | negative identity |
______ ________ refers to a person's sense of belonging to a particular ethnic group, encompassing shared cultural traits, language, values, and traditions that distinguish one group from another. | ethnic identity |
a child of Mexican descent might celebrate cultural traditions like Día de los Muertos and speak Spanish at home, which helps them connect with their heritage and fosters a strong sense of ______ _______. | ethnic identity |
a mother and her teenage daughter might have a ______ relationship where they share personal thoughts and feelings, providing each other with emotional support while navigating challenges together. | dyadic |
a ______ relationship refers to a two-person relationship characterized by mutual interactions and connections | dyadic |
a change in any family member or family subsystem results in period of ______________ until family system adjusts to change | disequilibrium |
when a new baby is born into a family, the existing roles and dynamics may shift, causing feelings of jealousy or insecurity in older siblings. This change creates ______________, necessitating family discussions to restore balance. | disequilibrium |
for most parents, children's development during adolescence and emerging adulthood overlaps with their development during _______ | midlife |
there are five common patterns in adolescents relationships with their siblings. name the five types of sibling relationships | caregiver relationship, buddy relationship, critical relationship, rival relationship, & casual relationship |
an older sister helps her younger brother with homework and offers emotional support during tough times. this is an example of a _________ sibling relationship | caregiver |
two siblings who frequently play video games, share secrets, and confide in each other, strengthening their bond through shared interests. this is an example of a _____ sibling relationship | buddy |
a brother and sister compete for grades and praise from their parents, leading to arguments and a sense of rivalry. this is an example of a _____ sibling relationship | rival |
siblings have a distant or neutral relationship, interacting occasionally without deep emotional ties. this is an example of a ______ sibling relationship | casual |
an older brother frequently makes negative comments about his younger sister’s choices, leading to feelings of resentment and hurt. this is an example of a ________ sibling relationship | critical |
in parenting styles, the degree to which parents set down rules and expectations for behavior and require their children to comply with them is known as their what? | demandingness |
in parenting styles, the degree to which parents are sensitive to their children’s needs and the extent to which they express love, warmth, and concern for their children is known as their what? | responsiveness |
name the four parenting styles | authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, & disengaged |
parents often have positive outcomes when using this parenting style. the children are often independent, self-assured, creative, & socially skilled. what parenting style does this represent? | authoritative |
children raised with ____________ parents are often more dependent on people. these children are passive, conforming, and dependent | authoritarian |
children with __________ parents are often immature and irresponsible. these children are conforming, irresponsible, and immature | permissive |
children with __________ parents are often impulsive and engage in risky behavior. these children are often delinquent, impulsive, and engage in early sex and drugs | disengaged |
when infants use mother as a "secure base form which to explore" but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened, it's likely that the child has a ______ attachment | secure |
when infants wary of exploring the environment and resist or avoid the mother when she attempts to offer comfort or consolation, it's likely that the child has an ________ attachment | insecure |
a child with ______ attachment feels comfortable playing independently at a park but regularly checks in with their parent for reassurance | secure |
a child avoids seeking comfort from their parent after falling down, not expecting much support. based on this, it's likely the child has an ________ attachment | insecure |
a mental framework formed through early attachment experiences that influences how individuals view themselves, others, and relationships. this is known as what? | internal working model |
a securely attached child may grow up expecting trust and love in relationships, while an insecurely attached child may expect rejection or inconsistency. this is an example of the ________ _______ _____ | internal working model |
conflict with parents _________ sharply in early adolescence and remains high for several years. only in ____ adolescence and emerging adulthood that conflict with parents diminishes substantially. | increases; late |
in regards to Dual incomes earner impact on adolescents, they are at a higher risk for what, espcially when left unsupervised? | social isolation, depression, & use of drugs and alcohol |