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Even more organelles
Biology exam 2 chapter 6, mitochondria + chloroplasts
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the structure of mitochondria? | Double membrane structure with an outer membrane and a highly folded inner membrane called cristae, which encloses the matrix containing enzymes, DNA, and ribosomes |
| What are the various membranes in mitochondria? | Outer membrane, an inner membrane with folds called cristae |
| What are the spaces in mitochondria? | Intermembrane space and matrix |
| What is the function of the outer membrane? | Serves as a barrier that regulates the entry and exit of molecules, protecting the organelle and maintaining its environment. |
| What is the function of the inner membrane? | Hosts the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis, crucial steps in cellular respiration. |
| What is found in the outer membrane? | Protein-based pores that allow the passage of ions and small molecules |
| What is found in the inner membrane? | Less permeable and hosts the electron transport chain and ATP synthase for energy production |
| What is found in the intermembrane space? | Contains enzymes involved in ATP phosphorylation and proteins that initiate apoptosis |
| What is found in the matrix? | Contains enzymes for the critic acid cycle, mitochondrial DNA, ribosomes, and other molecules necessary for ATP production |
| What are chloroplasts? | Found in plant and algal cells that conduct photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. They contain the green pigment chlorophyll, which captures light energy, and have their own DNA and double membrane |
| What is the structure of chloroplasts? | A double membrane structure with internal stacks of thylakoids called grana, surrounded by a fluid matrix known as the stroma, and contain their own DNA and ribosomes. |
| What membranes are found in chloroplasts? | Chloroplast envelope and thylakoid membrane |
| What spaces are found in chloroplasts? | Intermembrane space, stroma, and thylakoid lumen |
| What is the function of chloroplast envelopes? | Outer and inner membrane, protects the chloroplast and regulates the movement of molecules in and out, ensuring efficient photosynthesis. |
| What is the function of thylakoid membranes? | Capture light energy to produce ATP and NADPH, which are essential for the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis. |
| What is the function of intermembrane space? | Helps facilitate the transport of molecules between the outer and inner membranes, contributing to the regulation of metabolic processes. |
| What is the function of stroma? | The site where the Calvin cycle occurs, converting carbon dioxide into glucose using ATP and NADPH produced in the thylakoid membranes |
| What is the function of thylakoid lumen? | Accumulates protons during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis. |
| How are mitochondria and chloroplasts similar to each other? | Both organelles generate energy for the cell, with mitochondria producing ATP through cellular respiration and chloroplasts producing glucose through photosynthesis. |
| How are mitochondria and chloroplasts different from each other? | Mitochondria generate ATP through cellular respiration, while chloroplasts produce glucose through photosynthesis |
| What is a cytoskeleton? | A network of protein filaments and tubules that provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates movement and transport within the cell |
| How is the cytoskeleton different from other cells? | Dynamic network of protein filaments and tubules that provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates movement and transport within the cell. |
| What is cytoskeleton's overall function? | Provides structural support, maintains cell shape, and facilitates movement and transport within the cell. |
| What are three different components that make up the cytoskeleton? | Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| What is the function of the microfilaments? | They support the cell’s shape, enable cell movement (e.g., muscle contraction, cell crawling), and are involved in cell division |
| What is the function of the intermediate filaments? | They provide mechanical strength to cells, help maintain their integrity, and anchor organelles in place. |
| What is the function of the microtubules? | They maintain cell shape, facilitate intracellular transport (e.g., movement of organelles), and are crucial for cell division (forming the mitotic spindle). |
| What monomeric subunit makes up microfilaments? | Actin |
| What monomeric subunit makes up microtubules? | Tubulin |
| What monomeric subunit makes up intermediate filaments? | Varies on intermediate filaments, but commonly keratins, vimentin, and lamins |
| What is the three-dimensional structure for microfilaments? | Helical polymers of actin that support cell shape and enable movement. |
| What is the three-dimensional structure for microtubules? | Hollow tubes made of tubulin dimers that provide structural support and facilitate intracellular transport. |
| What is the three-dimensional structure for intermediate filaments? | Rope-like fibers made of various proteins that provide mechanical strength and stability to cells. |
| What is the function of centrioles? | Cell division and formation of basal bodies |
| What is the function of centrosomes? | Microtubule organization and cell cycle progression |
| What are centrioles and centrosomes primarily made up of? | Microtubules |
| What is the function of motor proteins? | Converts chemical energy into mechanical work to move cargo along the cytoskeleton, facilitating intracellular transport and cell movement |
| What is the energy requirement for motor proteins? | Requires ATP to function. They hydrolyze ATP to produce the energy needed for their movement |
| How do motor proteins move? | Move in a “walking” manner along cytoskeletal filaments. This movement is directional and involves conformational changes in the motor protein as it binds and hydrolyzes ATP |
| What structures do motor proteins move along? | Microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments) |
| What are flagella? | Long, whip-like appendages that enable cell movement by propelling the cell through liquid environments. |
| What are cilia? | short, hair-like structures on the surface of eukaryotic cells that move fluid or sense environmental signals. |
| Where are cilia found? | Respiratory tract, reproductive system, digestive system, and protozoans |
| Where are flagella found? | The surface of certain cells, such as bacteria, protozoa, and sperm cells, where they enable movement through liquid environments |
| What components of the cytoskeleton make up cilia and flagella? | Composed of microtubules arranged in "9+2" structure, known as axoneme |
| What is cytoplasmic streaming? | The directed flow of cytoplasm within a cell, facilitating the distribution of nutrients, organelles, and other materials. |
| What is the function of cytoplasmic streaming? | Enhances the distribution of nutrients, organelles, and other materials within the cell, ensuring efficient cellular function |
| What part of the cytoskeleton is used for cytoplasmic streaming? | Uses microfilaments (actin filaments) to move the cytoplasm and its contents within the cell. |
| What are the two different components of cytoskeleton that are involved in the division of animal cells? | Microtubules and microfilaments |
| What function do microtubules serve in the cytoskeleton that are involved in the division of animal cells? | Forms the mitotic spindle, which is essential for separating chromosomes during animal cell division. |
| What function do microfilaments serve in the cytoskeleton that are involved in the division of animal cells? | Forms the contractile ring during cytokinesis, which pinches the cell membrane to divide the cytoplasm into two daughter cells |
Created by:
josie_d
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