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Bio Exam 3
Bioloy energy and cellular respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Energy | • The ability to do work or move matter |
| Total amount of energy in an object is | Potential +kinetic energy |
| Potential Energy | • Stored energy available to do work. i.e. snake poised to strike about to throw a ball, un burned gasoline |
| Types of Potential energy | • Chemical energy (stored in bonds) like an energy bar • Concentration gradient across a membrane |
| Kinetic energy | Energy being used to do work, any moving object posses kinetic energy i.e the snake striking, the ball soaring. |
| Types of kinetic energy | • Heat, light, sound • Muscle movement, random molecular movement. |
| Calorie | • Unit to measure energy • One cal= amount of energy required to raise temperature of 1 gram of water from 14.5 to 15.5 |
| Kilocalorie | • Kcal Most common used to measure energy in food and organisms. • Amount of energy to raise temperature of a kilogram of water by 1 degree C • Kilocalorie = 1000 calories • In nutrition one C = the kilocalorie |
| Thermodynamics | • Study of energy transformation |
| 1st law of thermodynamics | • energy cannot be created or destroyed only converted. Total amount of energy in the universe is constant. |
| Most important energy transformations that sustain life are | • Photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
| Most organisms get energy from the sun some get | It from chemical bonds in in organic compounds like bacteria who uses hydrogen sulfide |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics | you will loose some energy as heat in every chemical reaction. It is lost forever |
| entropy | • tendency towards randomness. More disordered = higher entropy |
| 2nd law of thermodynamics implies that | • organisms can increase in complexity as long as something else decreases in complexity by a greater amount |
| Metabolism | • all the chemical reaction occurring in cells. |
| Metabolic pathways | Chains and cycles that chemical reactions are organized into. The product of one reactions becomes the substrate of another |
| Types of metabolic reactions endergonic reaction and exergonic endergonic reaction | energy inward, requires input of energy • products contain more energy than reactancts • they build complex molecules from simpler |
| Exergonic reaction | assembly of sucrose a dissacharide from the two monosacchrides glucose and fructose, also phtotosynthesis the glucose formed has more energy than the water and carbon dioxide |
| Chemical equilibrium | • Reaction goes in both directions at the same rate. Means rate of formation for products and reactants equalizes not the amounts of both. • Occurs when accumulation of products |
| oxidation reduction reaction or redox | transfers energized electrons from one molecule to another |
| oxidation | the loss of electrons from a molecule, atom, or ion They release energy ex the breakdown of glucose |
| reduction | the gain of electrons, require input of energy ex creation of lipids |
| oxidations and reductions occur at the same time | Because if one molecule gains electrons the other looses. |
| Reduced molecules vs oxidized Reduced molecules | contain more energy than oxidized Methane is reduced and is explosive carbon is oxidized and is not Saturated fats contain 2x calories as carbs |
| Cytochromes | Electron shuttling specialist |
| Electron electron transport chains | Each protein accepts an electron from the molecule before it and passes an electron to the next |
| Substrate | is the starting material of the chemical reaction |
| product | is the outcome. |
| This initial energy before a reaction is properly called | activation energy. |
| ATP | The go between Temporarily stores much of the released energy of life It holds the energy released in exergonic reactions and then applies it to endergonic |
| ATP Structurally similar to | Nucleotide |
| ATP structure | Nitrogen containing base adenine & five carbon sugar ribose & 3 phosphate groups that distablized molecule which releases energy when the covalent bonds between the phosphate breaks. |
| The way ATP provides energy to different events is | by losing phosphate groups with the release energy This process is exergonic |
| Coupled reactions | Simultaneous reactions in which one provides the energy that drives the other |
| ATP hydorlysis | An exergonic reaction |
| Hydrolysis | breaking up something with water. ATP in the presence of water breaks down into an inorganic phosphate group and the remaining of the molecule ADP (Adenosine diphosphate) |
| Phosphorylation | the transfer of a phosphate group into another molecule. |
| Phosphorylation has two effects in cells | It may energize the target molecule driving an endergonic reaction.It can cause a protein to change shape which can promote any type of cellular work such as active transport. |
| Enzymes | Protein catalyst that speeds chemical reaction without being consumed.most dismantle or build molecules |
| energy of activation | This amount of energy required to start a reaction enzymes do not alter the energy of the reactants or the products instead they speed up chemical reactions is by lowering the energy of activation |
| active site | where substrate or substrates of enzyme bind. |
| Enzyme substrate complex. | The active site "hugs" or binds the reactant or substrate |
| coenzyme | an organic molecule that often helps to accept or donate electrons in chemical reactions but are not consumed. |
| Negative feedback or feedback inhibition | the process by which the last product of a biochemical pathway controls the entire pathway. |
| competitive inhibition | When the product binds to the active site, the active site is blocked and the substrate cannot bind |
| non competitive inhibition | When the product binds to an allosteric site, this binding influences and slightly changes the shape of the active site preventing the substrate to bind |
| Denaturation | when the shape of an enzyme is lost due to changes in its immediate environment |
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iamrhythm
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