Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio 1110 Exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| all cells | Plasma membrane Cytosol Chromosomes Ribosomes |
| prokaryotes lack | nucleus membrane bound organelles |
| essential functions of cells | Reproduce with inheritance React to Stimuli Evolve Grow/Develop Metabolize Homeostasis |
| Surface area to volume ratio | Key determinant of rate of exchange between cell and outside A function of size and shape |
| nuclear envelope | 2 lipid bilayers Pore complex that allows for movement into and out of the nucleus |
| Nucleolus | lacks membrane Produces ribosomal RNA Transcribe rRNA --> ribosomes |
| Nucleus | contains most of the DNA in the form of Chromatin Surrounded by nuclear envelope Contains nucleolus |
| Storage of DNA | Packaged into chromosomes |
| Chromosomes | vary in number by species Consist of dense clusters of DNA wrapped around histone proteins |
| Ribosomes | made of RNA and proteins Lack membrane Create proteins from RNA Found in the cytosol (free) and the ER (bound) |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | connected to nuclear envelope Intra cellular membranes 2 sections - Smooth and Rough |
| Smooth ER | Synthesizes lipids Metabolism of carbohydrates Detoxification Stores Ca+ |
| Rough ER | Secrete proteins from Ribosomes Modify secretory proteins Produces membranes Distributes transport vesicles |
| Golgi apparatus | Flattened membranous sacs Modifies products from ER Produces many polysaccharides and starches in plants |
| Lysosomes | Membranous sac with enzymes Digest macromolecules A product created by rough ER and modified by the Golgi apparatus |
| Vacuoles | Made in ER with modifications from Golgi Transport solutes (Waste) Phagocytosis Different aqueous compound |
| Mitochondria | Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells including plants Most cells have many mitochondria Perform cellular respiration Create ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) using oxygen and carbohydrates |
| Chloroplast | Performs photosynthesis Contain chlorophyll and enzymes to produce sugars Plants, algae |
| Endosymbiotic theory | Pioneered by Lynn Margu Mitochondria and chloroplast were free living cells that we engulfed by phagocytosis Mitochondria first then chloroplasts |
| cytoskeleton | add structure Allow for mobility by using motor proteins Defined by thickness: Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments |
| microtubules | control cilia and flagella |
| Plasma membrane | Phospholipid bilayer mosaic with proteins SA: V sets limits Proteins allow for selected movement of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products into and out of the cell |
| Cell Wall | Found in plants, some prokaryotes, fungi, and protists Protects cell, maintains shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water Made of cellulose fibers in plants Plant cells have 3 layers |
| Cell junctions | plasmodesmata Animal cell junctions |
| Animal cell junctions | Type junction, Desmosomes, gap |
| gap junction | channels that pass across adjacent cells Allow pretty free movement |
| Desmosomes | 2 cells close together Cells are connected by proteins |
| type junctions | press cells tightly together Prevents leakage of extracellular fluid |
| Phospholipid bilayer fluidity | Membranes must be appropriately fluid to work As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to a solid state Steroids in plasma membrane buffers fluidity |
| Types of membrane proteins | peripheral and integral |
| peripheral membrane protein | bound to surface |
| integral membrane protein | pass into hydrophobic core Transmembrane span membrane |
| Membrane protein function | Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell-Cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
| Cell recognition proteins | glycoprotein/glycolipid |
| Glycoprotein/Glycolipid | Antibodies can use glycoproteins to determine self Synthesized in ER, modified in Golgi; transported to membrane in vesicle |
| Diffusion | Movement of particles into and out of a space following a concentration gradient Passive transport |
| Passive Transport | cells expend no energy Rate depends on permeability |
| Osmosis | Water balances concentration of solutes in solution Water bound to solute is not free and cannot cross boundary |
| Tonicity | ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water Hypotonic: Animal - Lysed Plant - Turgid(normal) Isotonic: Animal - Normal Plant - flacid Hypertonic: Animal - Shriveled Plant - plasmolyzed |
| Electrochemical gradient | Membrane Potential Includes concentration and electrical gradient High Na+ outside cells Typically membrane potential is -60 to -70mv Potential energy in storage Energy released when ions diffuse |
| Facilitated diffusion | Form of passive transport Move solute down concentration gradient Transport proteins speed up diffusion across membrane Aquaporins Ion channels |
| Aquaporins | channel proteins for moving water |
| Io channels | move ions (may be gated that open in response to stimulus |
| Active transport | require energy Moves solute against the concentration gradient Facilitated by carrier proteins Usually comes from ATP hydrolysis |
| Cotransport | Active transport of solute indirectly drive transport of other substances Some goes up concentration gradient and something goes down |
| Bulk transport | Uses vesicles Exocytosis Endocytosis |
| Exocytosis | movement out of the cell by fusion of vesicles and membrane |
| Endocytosis | movement into the cell via vesicles formed in plasma membrane |
| Energy | the capacity to cause change |
| kinetic energy | associated with motion |
| thermal energy | kinetic energy of atom/molecules |
| potential energy | stored energy because of location/structure |
| chemical energy | potential energy available for release in chemical reactions |
| Law of Thermodynamics | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed Energy transfer is inefficient - lost as heat Entropy |
| Entropy | disorder and randomness |
| Free energy (G) | The energy of a system that can do work Change in free energy used to determine whether a process is spontaneous Change G = G final - G initial - Change in G = system becomes more stable + Change in G = system becomes less stable (Requires energy) |
| Exergonic | -Change in G system becomes more stable |
| Endergonic | + Change in G System becomes less stable (requires energy) |
| Activation energy | Energy must be input even into exergonic reactions for chemical reactions Initial energy needed to break bonds of reactants May be supplied by heat |
| metabolism | Describes all of organism's chemical reactions A defining principle of life Metabolic pathways detail a series of steps, to produce a product |
| Types of metabolic pathways | Catabolic Anabolic |
| Catabolic | release energy Converts complex molecules into simpler ones EX: respiration Breakdown of complex molecules used in generating energy |
| Anabolic | Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones EX: Photosynthesis Production of complex biological molecules where energy is stored |
| ATP | Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy |
| Enzymes | Protein that acts as a catalyst Shape of protein specific to a particular reaction Reactant which binds to an enzyme called a substrate Location where enzyme bind is called active site Sometimes found in specific organelles or in membranes within cell |
| Cofactors | Non-protein helpers bind to enzyme or substrate Required for enzyme activity Organic cofactors called coenzymes Most key vitamins in diet are important because they are coenzymes |
| Enzyme inhibition | Chemicals that selectively inhibit activity of specific enzyme Toxins and poisons are irreversible enzyme inhibitors |
| Allosteric regulation | Regulatory molecule binds at one site to affect function at another Can activate or inhibit Allosterically regulated enzymes often have polypeptide subunits with several active sites |
| Enzyme activation | Cooperativity is another type of activation Binding to one substrate stabilizes active form |
| Feedback inhibition | End of product of metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway |
| Redox Reactions | Chemical Reactions that move electrons between reactants Substances that lose electrons are oxidized Substances that gain electrons are released |
| Electron donor | reducing agent |
| Electron acceptor | oxidizing agent |
| Cellular respiration | Can either be aerobic or anaerobic Catabolic process converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to energy (ATP and heat) Controlled - reactions occur in stages |
| NAD+ | A coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier NAD+ + 2e- and H+ = NADH Remove 2H from glucose to give 2e- and 1H+ to NAD+ |
| ATP sysnthesis | Most ATP generated in Oxidative phosphorylation Some ATP formed by substrate-level phosphorylation |
| Glycolysis | Occurs in Cytosol outside of mitochondria Oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate 10 steps 2 net ATP produced |
| Pyruvate oxidation | Pyruvate enters mitochondria Oxidizes carboxyl group releasing CO2 Reduces NAD+ to NADH Combines remaining portion of pyruvate with coenzyme A 2 Net ATP produced |
| Pyruvate | Acetyl coenzyme a (acetyl CoA) |
| Citric Acid Cyclye | Occurs in Mitochondria Acetyl CoA enters CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2 exit Starts and ends with oxaloacetate Most steps involve transfer of electrons to electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) |
| Oxidative phosphorylation | NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to electron transport chain --> powers ATP synthesis ETC embedded in inner mitochondrial membrane Powers ATP synthesis through chemiosmosis |
| Electron Transport Chain | 4 protein complexes each with multiple steps (called electron carriers) Slowly releases energy Ends with H2O Pumps protons across membrane into intermembrane space |
| Cellular respiration | Most energy flows Glucose --> NADH --> ETC --> proton-motive force --> ATP 32 ATP total |
| Fermentation | absence of oxygen Still uses glycolysis Does not use ETC Glycolysis and NADH oxidization reactions Alcohol and lactic acid types |
| Alcohol Fermentation | releases CO2 from pyruvate Produces NAD+ and ethanol |
| Lactic Acid Fermentation | pyruvate --> lactate No release of CO2 |
| Autotrophs | Self feeder AKA produces or primary producers Create organic compounds to be used in respiration Photoautotrophs included |
| Photoautotrophs | Autotrophs that use light Perform photosynthesis |
| Photosynthesis | AKA carbon fixation Redox Reaction Endergonic reaction Requires light Produces oxygen as a waste product |
| Light | Provides the energy needed for anabolism One form of electromagnetic energy Composed of photons - massless particles that have a fixed quantity of energy Traves in waves - wavelength relative to energy |
| Capturing light | Reflected, transmitted, or absorbed Absorbed light excites electrons to higher orbital Excited electrons are unstable --> energy released as heat |
| Leaves | large surface area to collect sunlight |
| Mesophyll | issue in interior of leaf, rich in chloroplast |
| Chloroplasts | inner and outer membranes Thylakoids |
| Thylakoids | Folded sacs containing pigments Surrounded by stroma Collums called Granum |
| Chlorophyll a | key light capturing pigment used in light reactions CH3 |
| chlorophyll b | accessory pigment Differs from chlorophyll a in 1 functional group CHO |
| Carotenoids | other accessory pigments, especially important for protection (oranges and browns) |
| Porphyrin ring | light absorbing "head of molecule"; magnesium at the center of the atom |
| Photosystems | Reaction center surrounded by light harvesting complexes Energy transferred between pigment molecules until it reaches P680 (PSII) and P700(PSI) e- transferred to e- acceptor and ETC |
| Light harvesting complexes | pigment molecules bound to proteins |
| Calvin Cycle | Uses NADPH, CO2, and ATP to build sugars Occurs in stroma 3 phases Used in C3 photosynthesis |
| Phase 1: Carbon fixation | CO2 bound to RuBP (ribulose biphosphate |
Created by:
ericowen45