Bio 1110 Exam 2
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| show | Plasma membrane
Cytosol
Chromosomes
Ribosomes
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| show | nucleus
membrane bound organelles
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| show | Reproduce with inheritance
React to Stimuli
Evolve
Grow/Develop
Metabolize
Homeostasis
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| Surface area to volume ratio | show 🗑
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| show | 2 lipid bilayers
Pore complex that allows for movement into and out of the nucleus
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| Nucleolus | show 🗑
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| Nucleus | show 🗑
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| Storage of DNA | show 🗑
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| show | vary in number by species
Consist of dense clusters of DNA wrapped around histone proteins
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| show | made of RNA and proteins
Lack membrane
Create proteins from RNA
Found in the cytosol (free) and the ER (bound)
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | show 🗑
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| Smooth ER | show 🗑
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| Rough ER | show 🗑
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| show | Flattened membranous sacs
Modifies products from ER
Produces many polysaccharides and starches in plants
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| Lysosomes | show 🗑
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| Vacuoles | show 🗑
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| show | Found in nearly all eukaryotic cells including plants
Most cells have many mitochondria
Perform cellular respiration
Create ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) using oxygen and carbohydrates
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| show | Performs photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll and enzymes to produce sugars
Plants, algae
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| Endosymbiotic theory | show 🗑
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| cytoskeleton | show 🗑
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| show | control cilia and flagella
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| Plasma membrane | show 🗑
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| show | Found in plants, some prokaryotes, fungi, and protists
Protects cell, maintains shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
Made of cellulose fibers in plants
Plant cells have 3 layers
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| show | plasmodesmata
Animal cell junctions
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| Animal cell junctions | show 🗑
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| gap junction | show 🗑
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| Desmosomes | show 🗑
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| show | press cells tightly together
Prevents leakage of extracellular fluid
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| show | Membranes must be appropriately fluid to work
As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a fluid state to a solid state
Steroids in plasma membrane buffers fluidity
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| Types of membrane proteins | show 🗑
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| show | bound to surface
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| integral membrane protein | show 🗑
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| Membrane protein function | show 🗑
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| show | glycoprotein/glycolipid
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| show | Antibodies can use glycoproteins to determine self
Synthesized in ER, modified in Golgi; transported to membrane in vesicle
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| show | Movement of particles into and out of a space following a concentration gradient
Passive transport
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| show | cells expend no energy
Rate depends on permeability
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| show | Water balances concentration of solutes in solution
Water bound to solute is not free and cannot cross boundary
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| show | ability of surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
Hypotonic: Animal - Lysed Plant - Turgid(normal)
Isotonic: Animal - Normal Plant - flacid
Hypertonic: Animal - Shriveled Plant - plasmolyzed
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| show | Membrane Potential
Includes concentration and electrical gradient
High Na+ outside cells
Typically membrane potential is -60 to -70mv
Potential energy in storage
Energy released when ions diffuse
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| Facilitated diffusion | show 🗑
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| show | channel proteins for moving water
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| show | move ions (may be gated that open in response to stimulus
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| Active transport | show 🗑
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| show | Active transport of solute indirectly drive transport of other substances
Some goes up concentration gradient and something goes down
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| Bulk transport | show 🗑
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| show | movement out of the cell by fusion of vesicles and membrane
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| Endocytosis | show 🗑
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| Energy | show 🗑
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| kinetic energy | show 🗑
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| show | kinetic energy of atom/molecules
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| show | stored energy because of location/structure
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| show | potential energy available for release in chemical reactions
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| show | Energy can be transferred and transformed, but cannot be created or destroyed
Energy transfer is inefficient - lost as heat
Entropy
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| Entropy | show 🗑
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| show | The energy of a system that can do work
Change in free energy used to determine whether a process is spontaneous
Change G = G final - G initial
- Change in G = system becomes more stable
+ Change in G = system becomes less stable (Requires energy)
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| show | -Change in G
system becomes more stable
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| Endergonic | show 🗑
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| Activation energy | show 🗑
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| show | Describes all of organism's chemical reactions
A defining principle of life
Metabolic pathways detail a series of steps, to produce a product
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| show | Catabolic
Anabolic
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| Catabolic | show 🗑
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| show | Consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones
EX: Photosynthesis
Production of complex biological molecules where energy is stored
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| show | Hydrolysis of ATP releases energy
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| Enzymes | show 🗑
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| Cofactors | show 🗑
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| Enzyme inhibition | show 🗑
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| Allosteric regulation | show 🗑
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| Enzyme activation | show 🗑
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| show | End of product of metabolic pathway shuts down the pathway
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| show | Chemical Reactions that move electrons between reactants
Substances that lose electrons are oxidized
Substances that gain electrons are released
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| Electron donor | show 🗑
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| show | oxidizing agent
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| show | Can either be aerobic or anaerobic
Catabolic process converting carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to energy (ATP and heat)
Controlled - reactions occur in stages
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| show | A coenzyme that functions as an electron carrier
NAD+ + 2e- and H+ = NADH
Remove 2H from glucose to give 2e- and 1H+ to NAD+
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| ATP sysnthesis | show 🗑
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| show | Occurs in Cytosol outside of mitochondria
Oxidizes glucose to 2 pyruvate
10 steps
2 net ATP produced
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| Pyruvate oxidation | show 🗑
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| Pyruvate | show 🗑
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| show | Occurs in Mitochondria
Acetyl CoA enters
CO2, ATP, NADH, FADH2 exit
Starts and ends with oxaloacetate
Most steps involve transfer of electrons to electron carriers (NADH and FADH2)
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| Oxidative phosphorylation | show 🗑
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| Electron Transport Chain | show 🗑
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| show | Most energy flows Glucose --> NADH --> ETC --> proton-motive force --> ATP
32 ATP total
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| show | absence of oxygen
Still uses glycolysis
Does not use ETC
Glycolysis and NADH oxidization reactions
Alcohol and lactic acid types
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| show | releases CO2 from pyruvate
Produces NAD+ and ethanol
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| Lactic Acid Fermentation | show 🗑
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| show | Self feeder
AKA produces or primary producers
Create organic compounds to be used in respiration
Photoautotrophs included
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| Photoautotrophs | show 🗑
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| show | AKA carbon fixation
Redox Reaction
Endergonic reaction
Requires light
Produces oxygen as a waste product
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| show | Provides the energy needed for anabolism
One form of electromagnetic energy
Composed of photons - massless particles that have a fixed quantity of energy
Traves in waves - wavelength relative to energy
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| Capturing light | show 🗑
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| show | large surface area to collect sunlight
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| show | issue in interior of leaf, rich in chloroplast
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| Chloroplasts | show 🗑
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| Thylakoids | show 🗑
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| Chlorophyll a | show 🗑
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| chlorophyll b | show 🗑
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| Carotenoids | show 🗑
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| Porphyrin ring | show 🗑
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| Photosystems | show 🗑
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| Light harvesting complexes | show 🗑
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| Calvin Cycle | show 🗑
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| Phase 1: Carbon fixation | show 🗑
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Created by:
ericowen45