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Tour of the cell
biology Chapter 6-exam 2 tour of the cell
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Why do scientists use microscopes to study cells? | Scientists use microscopes to study cells because most cells are too small to be seen with the naked eye. |
| Define the various parameters in microscopy and be able to compare them (resolution, magnification, contrast) | Magnification enlarges the image, resolution determines the clarity and detail, and contrast enhances the visibility of structures within the specimen |
| What is a light microscope? | Uses visible light and lenses to magnify small objects, allowing detailed observation of cells and microorganisms |
| What is an electron microscope? | Uses a beam of electrons to achieve much higher magnification and resolution than light microscopes, allowing detailed observation of extremely small structures. |
| List and describe the functions of the features all cells have in common in a sentence. | All cells have a plasma membrane that regulates entry and exit of substances, cytoplasm where cellular activities occur, ribosomes that synthesize proteins, and DNA that stores genetic information. |
| What are structural differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? | Prokaryotic cells are simpler and smaller, lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, while eukaryotic cells are larger, more complex, and contain a true nucleus and various membrane-bound organelles |
| What type of organisms make up prokaryotic cells? | Bacteria and archaea, which are typically unicellular |
| What type of organisms make up eukaryotic cells? | Plants, animals, fungi, and protists, which can be either unicellular or multicellular |
| What are similarities between plant and animal cells? | Have eukaryotic cells, organelles, cell membrane |
| What is differences between plant and animal cells? | Cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles, shape, centrioles |
| Identify cell types according to structures (or lack thereof) found in the cells | Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells |
| What is meant by cells having a high surface area to volume ratio? | Cells with a high surface area to volume ratio can efficiently exchange materials with their environment, which is crucial for maintaining cellular functions. |
| What are examples of cell structures that increase their surface area? | Cell structures like microvilli, cristae, thylakoid membranes, and root hairs increase surface area to enhance the efficiency of material exchange. |
| What is a nucleus? | A membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and controls many of the cell’s activities by regulating gene expression. |
| What different structures make up the nucleus? | Composed of the nuclear envelope (a double membrane that encloses the nucleus), nucleoplasm (the semi-fluid substance inside), chromatin (DNA and protein complex), and the nucleolus (a dense region where ribosome synthesis occurs). |
| What is the process that occurs in the nucleus? | Transcription |
| What types of molecules move in and out of the nucleus and the openings at which this happens? | Molecules such as RNA, proteins, and small ions move in and out of the nucleus through nuclear pore complexes, which regulate this selective transport. |
| what genetic information occurs in cells in the nucleus? | Contains genetic information in the form of DNA, organized into chromosomes, which encode the instructions for the cell’s structure, function, and regulation |
| What are ribosomes? | Cellular structures that serve as the site of protein synthesis |
| What are the functions of ribosomes in cells? | They translate the genetic instructions carried by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins by linking together amino acids in the correct sequence |
| What are the two subunits that make up ribosomes | Large subunit and small subunit |
| What macromolecules make up the large subunit? | Ribosomal (rRNA) and proteins, contains multiple rRNA molecules and numerous ribosomal proteins. |
| What macromolecules make up the small subunit? | Ribosomal (rRNA) and proteins, contains one rRNA molecule and several ribosomal proteins. |
| Where in the cell are the individual subunits assembled in one sentence? | Assembled in the nucleolus within the nucleus. |
| What are the two types of ribosomes in a cell? | Prokaryotic ribosomes and eukaryotic ribosomes |
| What are the differences between the two types of ribosomes in the cell? | Size, location, and complexity |
| What is the size of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes? | Prokaryotic is smaller, 70s ribosomes, composed of 50s and 30s subunits. Eukaryotic is larger, 80s ribosomes, composed of 60s and 40s subunits |
| What is the location of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes? | Prokaryotic is found freely floating in the cytoplasm. Eukaryotic is found both freely in the cytoplasm and attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (forming rough ER) or the nuclear envelope |
| What is the complexity of the prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosome? | Prokaryotic is less complex, with fewer proteins and rRNA molecules. Eukaryotic is more complex with greater number of proteins and rRNA molecules |
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josie_d
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