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Active transport
Biology exam 2-chapter 7 active transport
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is active transport in terms of movement of molecules and energy usage? | The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, using energy in the form of ATP. |
| What is an example of a transmembrane protein used for active transport? | Sodium/potassium (Na+/K+) pump |
| What are the steps involved in moving Na+ and K+ through the membrane by this pump? | Moves 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell by hydrolyzing ATP, changing its shape to transport the ions against their concentration gradients |
| What are the concentration gradients that are produced by the sodium-potassium pump? | Creates a concentration gradient by maintaining higher concentrations of Na+ outside the cell and higher concentrations of K+ inside the cell. |
| What are the electrical gradients that are produced by the sodium-potassium pump? | Creates electrical gradient by pumping 3 Na+ ions out of the cell and 2 K+ ions into the cell, resulting in a net positive charge outside the cell and a net negative charge inside the cell. |
| What is membrane potential? | The electrical potential difference across a cell’s plasma membrane, resulting from the distribution of ions (such as Na+, K+, and Cl-) between the inside and outside of the cell. |
| What is the effect it has on the movement of ions in/out of the cell should the ion have an open channel to flow through? | When ion channel is open, ions move in or out of the cell based on the combined influence of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient (membrane potential). |
| What is electrochemical gradient? | The combined effect of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient across a cell membrane, which drives the movement of ions |
| How does electrochemical gradient affect the movement of ions across the membrane | It drives ions across the membrane by combining the forces of the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient, influencing both the direction and rate of ion movement. |
| What do electrogenic pumps do? | Actively transport ions across a cell membrane, creating an electrical gradient by generating a net movement of charge, which contributes to the membrane potential. |
| What type of molecule are electrogenic pumps and where are they found? | Electrogenic pumps are proteins that function as primary active transporters found in plasma membranes |
| What is an example of an electrogenic pump found in animal cells? | The sodium-potassium pump, which actively transports Na+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell |
| What is an example of an electrogenic pump found in plants, bacteria, and fungi? | The proton pump that actively transports hydrogen ions out of the cell |
| What are cotransporters? | Membrane transport proteins that move two different molecules or ions across a cell membrane simultaneously. |
| How do electrogenic pumps indirectly drive the cotransporters? | Creating electrochemical gradients that provide the energy needed for cotransporters to move other molecules against their concentration gradients. |
| What is a bulk transport? | A biological process that moves large quantities of substances, such as nutrients, water, and waste products, across cell membranes using energy |
| Is bulk transport a type of passive transport or active transport? | Active transport |
| What are the two types of bulk transport according to the direction of transport? | Endocytosis and exocytosis |
| What are the three types of endocytosis? | Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis |
| What is phagocytosis? | "Cell eating", the cell engulfs large particles or even whole cells. |
| What is pinocytosis? | "Cell drinking", the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes |
| What is receptor-mediated endocytosis? | The cell takes in specific molecules bound to receptors on the cell surface. |
| How are the types of endocytosis similar to each other? | All involve the cell membrane engulfing external substances to bring them into the cell. |
Created by:
josie_d
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