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Anatomy Lecture 5
| Definition | Term |
|---|---|
| a system of the human body composed of bones, cartilage, and ligaments joined tightly to form a strong, flexible framework for the body | skeletal system |
| a type of connective tissue in which the matrix is hardened by the deposition of calcium phosphate and other minerals | bone tissue |
| Functions of the Skeleton (List all 6) | support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation |
| bones that have a sandwich-like construction with two layers of compact bone enclosing a middle spongy bone layer; comprise most of the cranial bones, sternum, scapula, ribs, and hip bones | flat bones |
| the most important bones in movement; comprise the humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibular, metacarpals, metatarsals and phalanges | long bones |
| comprise the wrist and ankle bones | short bones |
| comprise the vertebrae and some skull bones | irregular bones |
| a small bone that is commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces; a major example is the patella | sesamoid bones |
| composes the outer shell of a bone | dense bone |
| a loosely organized form of osseous tissue which is always surrounded by compact bone | spongy bone |
| a space enclosed by the outer shell of bone which contains bone marrow | marrow cavity |
| the shaft of a long bone | diaphysis |
| an expanded head at each end of a long bone | epiphysis |
| slightly denser spongy bone between the epiphysis and diaphysis often exhibited in mature bones; it is a remnant of the epiphyseal (growth) plate | epiphysial line |
| the joint surface where one bone meets another and is covered with a layer of hyaline cartilage; it allows ease of movement at the joint | articular cartilage |
| minute holes from which blood vessels penetrate into the bone | nutrient foramina |
| a two-layered connective tissue sheath covering the external surface of a bone | periosteum |
| the outer layer of periosteum consisting of a tough layer of collagen; it provides strong attachment and continuity from muscle to tendon to bone | fibrous layer |
| the inner layer of periosteum consisting of bone-forming cells; important to the growth of bone and healing of fractures | osteogenic layer |
| a thin layer of reticular connective tissue that lines the internal marrow cavity and covers all the honey-combed surfaces of spongy bone | endosteum |
| stem cells that give rise to most other bone cell types; they occur in the endosteum and inner layer of the periosteum | osteogenic cells |
| bone-forming cells that synthesize the organic matter of the bone and promote its mineralization | osteoblasts |
| former osteoblasts that have become trapped in the matrix they deposited; they reside in lacunae | osteocytes |
| bone-dissolving cells located on the bone surfaces; they are formed by the fusion of several stem cells so these cells are rather large | osteoclasts |
| composed of the fibers and ground substance of bone tissue which is made up of both organic and inorganic matter | matrix |
| the portion of the matrix that is synthesized by osteoblasts and includes collagen and various protein-carbohydrate complexes | organic matter |
| the portion of the matrix that includes about 85% hydroxyapatite (a crystallized calcium phosphate salt) and 10% calcium carbonate with lesser amounts of other minerals | inorganic matter |
| a term used in engineering which describes the combination of two basic structural materials: a ceramic (hydroxyapatite) and a polymer (collagen); it explains how bones are able to be strong but flexible | composite |
| a childhood disease caused by a mineral deficiency (calcium salts & vitamin D) in which the bones of the lower limbs become too soft and bend under the body’s weight becoming permanently deformed | rickets |
| a disease in which a lack of the protein components (collagen) in bone cause it to become excessively brittle; results in increased risk of fractures in childhood | osteogenesis imperfecta |
| onion-like layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a central canal | concentric lamellae |
| contains blood vessels and nerves | central canal |
| the basic structural unit of compact bone constituting a central canal and its lamellae | osteon |
| transverse or diagonal passages that join central canals along their length | perforating canal |
| named for its sponge-like appearance, it consists of a lattice of spicules and trabeculae; it is well designed to impart strength to a bone while adding a minimum of weight | spongy bone |
| delicate slivers or spines characteristic of spongy bone | spicules |
| thin plates or beams characteristic of spongy bone; develop along the bone’s lines of stress | trabecula |
| a general term for soft tissue that occupies the marrow cavity of a long bone, the spaces amid the trabeculae in spongy bone, and the larger central canals | bone marrow |
| a type of hematopoeitic tissue which produces blood cells and fills the marrow cavity of nearly every bone in a child; it is limited to the skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum and part of the hip girdle in an adult | red bone marrow |
| a fatty tissue that replaces most of the red marrow in adults; it no longer produces blood except in the event of chronic anemia where it can transform into red marrow and resume its hematopoeitic function | yellow bone marrow |
| the formation of bone | ossification |
| type of bone formation that produces the flat bones of the skull,most of the clavicle, part of mandible;also the method of depositing new tissue on the bone surface, plays important role in lifelong thickening, strengthening, and remodeling of long bones | intramembranous ossification |
| type of bone formation produces most bones including vertebrae,ribs,sternum,scapula,pelvic girdle,long bones of limbs;process where a bone develops from a preexisting model of hyaline cartilage;begins round 6th week of FetalDevelopment,continues into 20s | endochondral ossification |
| the process of bone elongation as a result of cartilage growth by the multiplication of chondrocytes and deposition of new matrix in the interior | interstitial growth |
| a region of transition from cartilage to bone which functions as a growth zone; growth here is responsible for a person’s increase in height | epiphyseal plate |
| the transitional zone facing the marrow cavity, where cartilage is being replaced by bone | metaphysis |
| the site of the original epiphysial plate marked with a line of slightly denser spongy bone formed in the late teens to early 20s | epiphyseal line |
| the region farthest from the marrow cavity consisting of hyaline cartilage with resting chondrocytes | zone of reserve cartilage |
| the region where chondrocytes multiply and arrange themselves into longitudinal columns of flattened lacunae | zone of cell proliferation |
| the region where chondrocytes cease to multiply and begin to hypertrophy | zone of cell hypertrophy |
| the region where minerals are deposited in the matrix between the columns of lacunae and calcify the cartilage | zone of calcification |
| the region where the walls between the lacunae break down and the chondrocytes die; osteoblasts deposit new matrix | zone of bone deposition |
| the process in which bone grows in diameter and thickness through the deposition of new tissue at the surface; it occurs by intramembranous ossification | appositional growth |
| the absorption of old bone and deposition of new bone; comes about through the collaborative action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts | bone remodeling |
| a law that states the architecture of a bone is determined by the mechanical stresses placed upon it, and the bone thereby adapts to withstand them | wolf's law |
| a crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate and other ions are taken from the blood plasma and deposited in bone tissue, mainly as hydroxyapatite; it is carried out by osteoblasts | mineral deposition |
| abnormal calcification of tissues which sometimes occurs in the lungs, brain, eyes, muscles, tendons, arteries (arteriosclerosis), and other organs | ectopic ossification |
| the process of dissolving bone which releases minerals into the blood and makes them available for other uses; it is carried out by osteoclasts | mineral resorption |
| in addition to providing bone structure, it is important in communication among neurons, muscle contraction and blood clotting; 99% of it is stored in the bones | calcium |
| a calcium deficiency which causes excessive excitability of the nervous system and can lead to muscle tremors, spasms, or tetany; it can result from vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, thyroid tumors, or underactive PTH glands | hypocalcemia |
| rare condition where there is an excess of calcium; it causes nerve and muscle cells to be less excitable than normal and manifests as nervous system depression, emotional disturbances, muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, and sometimes cardiac arrest | hypercalcemia |
| a form of vitamin D produced by the sequential action of the skin, liver and kidneys; it behaves like a hormone and functions to raise blood calcium concentration | calcitriol |
| secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium is low; functions to raise blood calcium | parathyroid hormone (PTH) |
| secreted by the parathyroid glands when blood calcium is low; functions to raise blood calcium | calcitonin |
| Fracture Healing (List all 4 phases) | 1. formation of a hematoma 2. formation of a soft callus 3. conversion to hard callus 4. remodeling |
| excessive proliferation of osteoclasts resorbing bone while osteoblasts attempt to compensate which results disorderly bone remodeling and weak, deformed bones; it is most common in males over the age of 50 | osteitis deformans (Paget's Disease) |
| inflammation of osseous tissue and bone marrow as a result of bacterial infection | osteomyelitis |
| the most common and deadly form of bone cancer; it occurs most often in the tibia, femur, and humerus of males between the ages of 10 and 25 | osteosarcoma |
| a condition in which the long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood, while the growth of other bones is unaffected resulting in a person with short stature but normal size head and trunk | achondroplastic dwarfism |
| similar to rickets, it is a bone-softening, vitamin D deficiency disease of adults | osteomalacia |
| most common of all bone diseases;disorder where bone density declines to the extent that bones become brittle and subject to pathological fractures; the loss comes especially from spongy bone cuz it has greatest surface area exposed to osteoclast action | osteoporosis |
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ryan707
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