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BIO
CHAPTER 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Central | Consists of teh brain and the spinal cord |
| Peripheral | Includes nerves and ganglia outside the central nervous system |
| Sensory (Afferent) | Responsible for recieving signals from receptors and transmitting it to the central nervous system |
| Somatic | Sensory information that we can consciously percieve |
| Visceral | Detects sensory information that is not consciously percieved |
| Motor (Efferent) | Responsible for controlling effectors (muscle and gland activity) |
| Somatic controls . . . | Skeletal muscle |
| Visceral controls . . . | Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands |
| Somatic nervous system | Body wall and mucus membrane |
| Automatic nervous system | Internal organs, glands, and blood vessels |
| Nerves | Cable like bundle of axon, connective tissue and blood vessels |
| Epineurium (A) | Layer of thick dense irregular connective tissue |
| Perineurim (B) | Dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds each fascicle |
| Fascicle (C) | Discrete bundle of axons |
| Endoneurium | Loose connective tissue that surrounds each axon |
| Vascular (D) | Highly vascular with blood vessels extending through both the epineurium and the perineurium |
| Ganglia | A collection of nerve cell bodies of the PNS Ex: Dorsal roor ganglia, autonomic ganglia |
| Nerves are calssified both ______ and _______. | Structurally, functionally |
| Structurally | Cranial nerves that extend from the brain Spinal nerves that extend from the spinal cord |
| Functionally | Sensory nerves contain neurons that convey sensory informstion from receptors towards the CNS. Motor nerves contain neurons that convey information away from the CNS Mixed nerve contain both sensory and motor neurons (most named nerves are mixed nerves) |
| Nervous tissue is the primary tissue of the nervous system and is composed of ________ and ________. | Neurons, glial cells |
| Excitability | Is responsiveness to a stimulus by initiating movement of ions across its plasma membrane |
| Conductivity | Allows an impulse to the conducted down the length of the cells |
| Secretion | Release of chemicals (neurotransmitters) |
| Extreme longevity | Live for many decades |
| Amitotic | Once formed most neurons lose the abilty to divide |
| Cell Body (A) | Houses the nucleus, and cytoplasm |
| Dendrites (B) | Extensions from the cell body that recieve inputs from other cells (receptors, other neurons) and conveys the signal to the cell body |
| Axon Hillock (C) | Cone shaped extension of cell body that ends at the axon |
| Axon (D) | Extension from cell body that conveys a signal away from the cell body and to other |
| Terminal Extensions (E) | Expansions of the axon which interact with dendrites from other neurons |
| Synapse (F) | Location where neuron is connected to another cell |
| Multipolar neuron | Multiple processes extend directly from the cell body; typically many dendrites and one axon; most common type of neron Ex: All motor neurons; most interneurons |
| Bipolar neuron | Two processes extend directly from the cell body; onde dendrite and one axon;relatively limited in where they are located Ex: Some special sense neurons (retina of eye, olfactory epithelium in nose) |
| Unipolar neuron | Single short process extends directly from the cell and looks like a T as a result of the fusion of two processes into one long axon Ex: Most sensory neurons |
| Anaxonic neuron | Processes are only dendrites; no axpn present Ex: Interneurons |
| Anaxonic neuron | Processes are only dendrites; no axpn present Ex: Interneurons |
| Sensory | The action potential is towards the CNS -Have cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion |
| Motor | The action potential is away from the CNS -HAve cell bodies in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and in autonomic ganglia |
| Interneurons | Acts as relay centers between neurons and provide integrative activities (recieve, process, and store information) that tell the body how to respond to a stimulus |
| Plasma membrane | Forms the outer limiting barrier that separates internal structures from the outside milieu |
| Nucleus | The brain of the cell enclosed by a cell membrane also contains a nucleolus |
| Cytplasm | Space between the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane that contains cytosol, organelles and inclusions |
| Cytosol | Fluid of the cell |
| Organelles | Small organlike structures that produce the products to maintain or export out of the cell |
| Nonmembrane bound | Ribsomes, proteosomes |
| Cytoskeleton | Supportive |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (two types) | membrane network that extends from the nucleus to the plasma membrane two types: Smooth and rough (SER&RER) |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | No attached ribosomes, sythesis and transport of lipids (phosolipids and steroids) for export and is involved in detoxifying drugs, alcohol and poisons |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) | Has attached ribosomes, produces proteins for secrection from the cells |
| Golgi Apparatus | Packages and sorts proteins for secretion from the cell |
| Lysosomes | Vesicles containing digestive enzymes for the breakdown of unneeded or unwanted biologicak macromolecules |
| Peroxisomoes | Vesicles containinf enzymes for the breakdown of fatty acids, amino acids, and uric acid |
| Mitochondria | Involved in aerobic cellular respiration to complete the breakdown of glucose, and fatty acids for the production ATP |
| Ribosomes | Synthesized proteins for use in the cell |
| Centrosomes | Composed of microtubules and functions in organizing mircrotubules of the cytoskeleton and in cellular division |
| Proteosomes | Large protien digesting organelles that degrades damages or malformed proteins |
| Cytoskeleton | Framework of proteins that give structure to the cell |
| Microfilaments | Composed of actin, give stuctural support for the plasma membrane and help move material through the cell |
| Microtubules | Arranged like a railroad tract to help move organelles and vesicles within the cell |
| Intermediate filaments | rodlike proteins that give the cell stability and strengthen cell junctions Ex: Keratin, neurofilaments |
| Plasma membrane structure | A fluid matric composed of an equal amount of lipid and protein |
| Physical Barrier | Creates a flexible boundary, protects cell contents, and supports cell structure |
| Selectively permeable | Regulates entry and exit of ions, nutrients and waste products |
| Electrochemical gradient | Establishes an electrical gradient across the membrane |
| Communication | Contains receptors that recognize and repond to molecular signals |
| Transport proteins | Regulate moevment of substances across the membrane include: Ion channels, protein pumps, and carrier proteins |
| Cell surface receptors | Bind to ligands |
| Identity markers | Communicate to other cell that they belong in the body |
| Enzymes | Catalyze chemical reactions |
| Anchoring sites | Binds the cytoskeleton |
| Cell adhesion proteins | Join cells together |
Created by:
Amercado
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