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Proteins
Biology exams chapter 5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the structures levels of protein? | primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary |
| What is an example of a primary protein structure? | sequence of amino acids in the hormone insulin |
| What is an example of a secondary protein structure? | alpha-helix |
| What is an example of a tertiary protein structure? | TIM barrel (8 alpha-helices and 8 beta-helices) |
| What is an example of a quaternary protein structure? | Hemoglobin (4 polypeptide subunits working together to transport oxygen in the blood) |
| What is protein? | A diverse group (3D shape) of macromolecules |
| What functions are included in protein? | structural, storage, transport, cellular, communication, movement, defense, and enzyme |
| What are enzymes? | Biological molecule that acts as a catalyst-substance that speeds up chemical reactions without themselves being consumed |
| What are polypeptides? | chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds, building blocks of proteins and can vary in length from a few amino acids to several thousand |
| What are similarities between proteins and polypeptides? | composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, with polypeptides serving as the building blocks of proteins |
| What are differences between proteins and polypeptides? | Polypeptides are simpler chains of amino acids, while proteins are complex structures made up of one or more polypeptides with diverse functions |
| What are amino acids? | Building blocks for protein |
| What is the general structure of an amino acid? | A molecule consisting of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (−NH2), a carboxyl group (−COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a unique side chain (R group) that determines its properties. |
| How many different amino acids are there? | 20 |
| How are amino acids different from each other? | Amino acids differ from each other by their unique side chains (R groups), which determine their specific properties and functions |
| How are amino acids similar to each other? | They have a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group, carboxyl group, and a hydrogen atom |
| What groups are amino acids categorized in? | Essential, nonessential, and conditionally essential |
| Why are amino acids categorized in an essential group? | the body cannot synthesize them on its own, meaning they must be obtained through the diet, crucial for protein synthesis, enzyme production, and overall growth and repair |
| Why are amino acids categorized in a nonessential group? | These can be synthesized by the body, so they do not need to be obtained from the diet. |
| Why are amino acids categorized in a conditionally essential group? | These are usually nonessential but become essential under certain conditions, such as illness, stress, or rapid growth. |
| What chemical nature can an amino acid belong to? | Polar (hydrophilic), non-polar (hydrophobic), charged (acidic or basic), and aromatic |
| Polar bonds are hydro.... | philic |
| Non-polar bonds are hydro.... | phobic |
| Why can an amino acid belong to a polar group? | They have side chains that can form hydrogen bonds with water, making them soluble. EX: serine, threonine, and cysteine. |
| Why can an amino acid belong to a non-polar group? | They have side chains that do not interact well with water. EX: valine, leucine, and alanine |
| Why can an amino acid belong to a charged group? | They have side chains that carry a charge at pH. Acidic amino acids have negatively charged side chains, while basic amino acids have positively charged side chains |
| Why can an amino acid belong to an aromatic group? | They have side chains that include an aromatic ring. EX: phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. |
| What are peptide bonds? | Very strong covalent bonds |
| How are peptide bonds formed? | when the carboxyl group of one amino acid reacts with the amino group of another, releasing a molecule of water in the process |
| What is the composition of the polypeptide backbone? | A repeating sequence of nitrogen, alpha carbon, and carbon atoms |
| What is protein denaturing? | The process where a protein loses its native 3D structure |
| What causes protein denaturing? | Heat, pH changes, or exposure to chemicals |
Created by:
josie_d
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