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AP Psych Unit 1 Exam
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 3 elements of a scientific attitude | Curiosity, skepticism, humility |
| Hindsight Bias | The tendency to look back at an event that we couldn't predict at that time + think the outcome was easily predictable. |
| Overconfidence | An overestimation of one's actual ability to perform a task successfully |
| Confirmation Bias | The tendency to gather evidence that confirms preexisting expectations, usually by emphasizing or pursuing supporting evidence while dismissing or failing to seek contradictory evidence. |
| Hypothesis | a prediction |
| Operational definitions + why it's needed | A step-by-step instruction. Needed to replicate an experiment |
| Pros of Survey | Cheap + a lot of information quickly |
| Cons of Survey | Can lie about their opinions to fit with the population (self-report bias + social desirability bias) |
| Qualitative data | words |
| Quantitative data | numbers |
| Likert Scales | a scale often used to obtain qualitative data |
| Reliability | Consistency |
| Validity | Accuracy |
| Why must samples be random and representative? | Each member has an equal chance of being chosen + represents the entire population. |
| Convenience sampling | Researchers select participants who are available |
| Why is peer review important in psychology? | Evaluation by members in the field |
| Why is replication important in psychology? | Repeating an experiment in the same way to produce the same results. It gives greater validity to the findings. |
| Does non-experimental research show cause + effect? | No |
| 3 methods of non-experimental research | Case study, Meta-analysis, Naturalistic Observation |
| Pros of Case Study | details of subject, unique equality or situation, unethical treatment |
| Cons of Case Study | no correlation data, no generalizability, time-consuming |
| Pros of Meta-analysis | accuracy, pose + answer questions |
| Cons of Meta-analysis | applicability - conflicting studies |
| Pros of Naturalistic Observation | natural environment is great |
| Cons of Naturalistic Observation | people act differently if someone is watching |
| 3 types of correlation shown by a scatterplot | Positive, Negative, No correlation |
| Correlational coefficient | strength of relationship |
| Perfect correlation | -1 or 1 = strong correlation. 0=very weak correlation |
| Third problem | The relationship looks related but is related to the third variable |
| Illusory correlation | Perceiving a relationship where none exists or perceiving a stronger than actual relationship |
| 2 types of variables within an experiment + their definition | Independent: manipulate (control) Dependent: measured (result) |
| 2 types of groups within an experiment + their definition | Experimental group: independent group Control group: comparison |
| Placebo | Inert substance |
| Importance of Placebo? | Helps minimize the influence of patient expectations on the outcome. |
| Placebo effect | Thinking / expecting to feel something + actually "feeling it" |
| Confounding variable | Uncontrolled variable, affects outcome |
| 2 ways researchers can fight bias in an experiment | Single Blind: controls for participant bias Double Blind: controls for participant AND experimenter bias |
| 3 methods of finding central tendency + explain | Mean: average Median: middle # Mode: most frequent |
| Which central tendency is impacted by outliers | Mean |
| 2 measures of variability + explain | Range: Highest # - lowest # Standard Deviation: a measure of how broadly or narrowly a set of scores of values deviate from the mean (lower number is better) |
| Bell Curve | Normal distribution (1 hump) |
| Bimodal Distribution | 2 normal distribution (2 humps) |
| Positive Skew | the top is more to the left |
| Negative Skew | the top is more to the right |
| Regression towards the mean | More data --> outliers don't matter |
| Generalizability | Questioning if a sample provides reliable information about a population |
| Ethics importance? | So we don't torture subjects + have guidelines |
| 4 examples of ethical guidelines | Informed consent, Protections from harm + discomfort, Confidentiality, + Debriefing |
Created by:
angela__kim
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