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BIOL2210 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| is the study bacteria,viruses,fungi,protozoa, and algea which are collectively called microorganisms that require a microscope for viewing. | Microbiology |
| a group of organisms that lack cell nucleus and organelles | Prokaryotic |
| a group of organisms that contain nucleus, organelles, and mitochondria | Eukaryotic |
| This microorganism is prokaryotic, unicellular,sometimes filamentous, sometimes colonial, and the cell wall contains Peptidoglycan and has a wide range of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals | Bacteria |
| This microorganism is prokaryotic, unicellular, looks and acts like bacteria,and can survive under extreme conditions | Archaea |
| organisms that are too small to be seen with the unaided eye | Microorganisms |
| a microorganism that causes disease | Pathogen |
| the industrial application of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a useful product | Biotechnology |
| Who developed the Five-Kingdom system was proposed and became widely accepted | Whittaker |
| all prokaryocytes, which means all bacteria are in what kingdom | Kingdom Monera or Prokaryotae |
| unicellular eukaryocytes---protozoa, unicellular algae, slime molds are in what kingdom | Kingdom Protista |
| unicellular yeasts, multicellular (but still microscopic) molds, macroscopic mushrooms. Plantlike but no chlorophyll, so no photosynthesis are in what kingdom | Kingdom Fungi |
| plants. All multicellular and all carry on photosynthesis are in what kingdom | Kingdom Plantae |
| animals are in what kingdom | Kingdom Animalia |
| The formal system of naming species is called | binomial nomenclature |
| Eukaryocytes--everything except bacteria--this includes all animals, plants, fungi, and eukaryotic microbes Bacteria---these are the common, everyday bacteria Archaea---unusual bacteria are part of what domain system | Three Domain System |
| What are described as obligate intracellular parasites | viruses |
| Who established a new classification taxon , the domain, that would be above kingdom | Dr.Carl Woese |
| Who invented the modern system of binomial nomenclature (a two-word naming system) | Carolus Linnaeus |
| The five kingdom system was created by | Robert Whittaker |
| composed of prokayotic cells, unicellular, filamentous and multicellular, cell wall composed of chitin, reproduce by spores | fungi |
| eukaryotic, multicellular, are parasitic to humans, flatworms and roundworms | Helmiths |
| acellular,smaller than bacteria,obligate intracellular parasites | Viruses |
| the microorganisms that have been studied are | bacteria,archaea,fungi,algae,protozoa,helminths,viruses |
| classifications of microbes uses what nomenclature | binomial: capitalize first letter in GENUS name & lower case SPECIES name; italicize both words; if writing, underline both words |
| what are the 2 parts of the binaomial nomenclature of classification | genus,species |
| which microbes have a cell wall | bacteria,archaea,fungi,algae |
| which microbes are multicellular | helminths, & some algae,some fungi |
| which microbes are unicellular | archaea,protozoa,some algae,some fungi,bacteria |
| which microbes are acellular | viruses |
| which microbes are composed of eukaryotic cells | fungi,algae,protozoa,helminths |
| which microbes are composed of prokaryotic cells | bacteria,archae |
| how do viruses reproduce | they do not actually reproduce,it gets into a cell, when the cell reproduces, the virus also gets reproduced. |
| why are viruses considered non-living | they do not undergo respiration and they dont eat |
| what microve has a cell wall composed of peptidoglycan | bacteria |
| what microbe has a cell wall composed of pseudomurein | archaea |
| what microbe has a cell wall composed of chitin | fungi |
| what microbe has a cell wall composed of cellulose, silica dioxide | algae |
| who observed microorganisms for the first time | robert hooke |
| who was credited with having observed the first bacteria | anton van leeuwenhoek |
| believed insects and other small animals had to arise from spontaneous generationwho proposed spontaneous generation | aristotle |
| who used the scientific method to disprove spontaneous generation He made careful observations of fly eggs and maggots in decaying meat. Concluded spontaneous generation was not occurring. | Redi |
| who said microorganism can only give rise to microorganisms and challanged Needhams results | Spallanzani |
| who stated that microorganisms arise spontaneously | Needham |
| who demonstrated that swan-necked flasks containing a nutrient broth that had previously been heated would remain sterile, even with open necks.required to prevent growth was highly variable | Louis Pasteur |
| who demonstrated the first direct role of a bacterium in disease called anthrax, which is a devastating disease that affects cattle, often wiping out entire herds | Robert Koch |
| This period of time is refereed to as the Golden Age of Microbiology means | germ theory est,use of disinfectants,improved surgical techniques,immunity est,vaccines,micro culture techniques |
| who discovered Fermentation | pasteur |
| who believed that disease was a natural phenomenon, caused by inhaling bad air that was polluted with bad vapors | Hippocrates |
| who demonstrated that boiling instruments and applying carbolic acid to dressings that covered wounds dramatically reduce the incidence of disease following surgery. | Joseph Lister |
| Who developed the first chemotherapy drug and what was it? | Paul Ehrlich developed Arsenic 606 |
| What was Arsenic 606 (salvarsan) effective against? | Syphilis |
| Who discovered protonsil (a sulfonate drug effective against streptococci diseases) | Gerthard Paul Domagk |
| What were the first antibiotics and who discovered them? | Penicillin - Alexander Fleming Gramicidin & Tyrocidine - Rene Dubos |
| What is the space between the antibiotic and the bacteria called? | The zone of inhibition |
| What are the three physical states of media? | Liquid Semisolid Solid |
| Who descovered salvarsan (Arsenic 606)? | Ehrlich |
| What are the three medica classifications? | Liquid, semi solid, solid |
| Louis Pasteur￢ﾀﾙs work: a. drastically reduced the bubonic plague pandemic during the Dark Ages b. demonstrated how disinfectants prevent disease c. discovered how fermentation occurs d. helped prevent syphilis e. led to the discovery of chemotherapy | c. discovered how fermentation occurs |
| The technique used to isolate pathogenic microorganisms from diseased organisms was first accomplished by: a. Francesco b. Joseph Lister c. Robert Koch d. Paul Ehrlich e. Edward Jenner | c. Robert Koch |
| The binomial nomenclature system of classification was introduced by: a. Theodor Escherich b. Hugh Kraizee c. Louis Pasteur d. Paul Erhlich e. Alexander Fleming f. Carolus Linneaus | f. Carolus Linneaus |
| Francesco Redi is best known for: a. developing a way to reduce infection during surgery b. disproving spontaneous generation c. inventing the swan-neck flask d. using carbolic acid to kill microbes e. making the first chemotherapy drug | b. disproving spontaneous generation |
| Theodor Escherich: a. determed how wines and beers spoil b. developed aseptic technique c. developed a vaccine against rabies d. developed the three domain system of classification e. discovered the bacterium Escherichia coli | e. discovered the bacterium Escherichia coli |
| Binomial nomenclature classifies organisms bya. domain and kingdom b. race and religion c. genus and species d. order and family e. family and genus f. kingdom and phylum g. none of these answers | c. genus and species |
| The rabies vaccine was developed by which microbiologist? a. Edward Jenner b. Louis Pasteur c. Hans Gram d. Paul Ehrlich e. Alexander Fleming | b. Louis Pasteur |
| The first disinfectant used to decrease infection by microorganisms was called: a. penicillin b. phenol c. active principle d. salvarsan e. carbolic acid f. both b and e | f. both b and e (phenol & carbolic acid) |
| Alexander Fleming is best known for the discovery of: a. sulfa drugs b. the germ theory of disease c. disinfectants d. the domain Archaea e. Pasteurization f. antibiotics g. both a and c | f. antibiotics |
| The domain system of classification includes which three domains? a. Bacteria, Cyanobacteria, Protista b. Archaea, Prokaryotae, Eukarya c. Archaea. Bacteria, Eukarya d. Plantae, Animalia, Prokaryotae e. Fungi, Bacteria, Archaea | c. Archaea. Bacteria, Eukarya |
| Which of the following individuals supported spontaneous generation? a. Louis Pasteur b. Francesco Redi c. Lazarro Spallanzani d. John Needham e. Joseph Lister f. none of the above | d. John Needham (and Aristotle) |
| Algae: a. are microscopic plants b. have petidoglycan in their cell walls c. are photosynthetic d. are protozoa e. contain examples that are all microscopic | c. are photosynthetic |
| Viruses are best described by: a. archaea b. eukaryotic c. prokaryotic d. multicellular e. acellular f. photosynthetic | e. acellular |
| Louis Pasteur: a. was the first to develop chemotherapy b. developed the first vaccine c. was an early microscopist who was the first to observe bacteria d. demonstrated how protozoa cause silkworm disease | d. demonstrated how protozoa cause silkworm disease |
| Francesco Redi proved that: a. dead animals spontaneously form maggots b. microorganisms give rise to microorganismn c. flies give rise to maggots in dead animals d. bacteria are everywhere e. microorganisms cause disease | c. flies give rise to maggots in dead animals |
| The bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Kebsiella pneumoniae have this in common: a. live normally in the large intestine of humans b. are endospore formers c. are types of parasitic helminths d. is pathogenic only when capsulated | d. is pathogenic only when capsulated |
| The cell wall of plants is composed of: a. cellulose b. chitin c. silicon dioxide d. peptidoglycan e. phospholipids | a. cellulose |
| Who was the first microbiologist to isolate and culture Bacillus anthracis? a. Joseph Lister b. Louis Pasteur c. Rene Dubos d. Robert Koch e. Francesco Redi | d. Robert Koch |
| Extreme halophiles are classified as: a. Archaea b. Bacteria c. Eukarya d. Protista e. Protozoa | a. Archaea |
| Pasteurization is best used: a. as a disinfectant used during surgery b. to sterilize beverages c. to observe microorganisms in beverages d. to kill unwanted microbes in beverages | d. to kill unwanted microbes in beverages |
| Antibiotics are used today extensively due to the pioneering work of: a. Alexander Fleming b. John Needham c. Robert Koch d. Joseph Lister e. Louis Pasteur | a. Alexander Fleming |
| Fungi belong to the domain: a. Eukarya b. Archaea c. Bacteria d. Fungi e. Protista | a. Eukarya |
| The first evidence that antimicrobial drugs can be synthetically synthesized came from: a. Paul Ehrlich b. Carolus Linneaus c. Joseph Lister d. Robert Koch e. Edward Jenner | a. Paul Ehrlich |
| A culture technique used to identify pathogenic microorganisms is now referred to as: a. Erhlich's magic bullet b. Pasteur's wonder discovery c. Lister's gargle d. Fleming's aseptic technique e. Fleming's septic Sally f. Koch's postulates | f. Koch￢ﾀﾙs postulates |
| Penicillium notatum synthesizes which antimicrobial substance? a. erythromycin b. the ￢ﾀﾜsilver bullet￢ﾀﾝ c. notatum d. phenol e. penicillin | e. penicillin |
| Which of the following best exemplifies all bacteria: a. obligate intracellular parasite b. eukaryotic c. chitin in cell wall d. prokaryotic e. hyperthermophiles | d. prokaryotic |
| During the 'Golden Age of Microbiology' all of the following things were accomplished except: a. culture techniques to grow microorganisms were established b. techniques to isolate microorganisms were established c. the first vaccination was introduced | c. the first vaccination was introduced |
| The type of microorganism that can truly be called bacteria are: a. all Archaea b. microbes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls c. all microbes with well-defined nuclei d. microorganisms with numerous organelles e. all unicellular microorganisms | b. microbes with peptidoglycan in their cell walls |
| Helminths include which group of organisms? a. algae b. any microorganisms c. viruses d. fungi e. protozoa f. parasitic worms | f. parasitic worms |
| Spontaneous generation means: a. life comes from life b. booka booka c. germs cause disease d. yeast ferments sugars to form wine e. life arises from the nonliving world | e. life arises from the nonliving world |
| One meter is equal to how many micrometers? a. 10 b. 100 c. 1,000 d. 100,000 e. 1,000,000 f. 1,000,000,000 | e. 1,000,000 |
| Prokaryotic microorganisms able thrive in temperatures reaching 100 degrees Celsius belong to the group: a. bacteria b. archaea c. eukaryotic d. algae e. photosynthetic | b. archaea |
| The germ theory of disease had its early beginnings from which two microbiologists? a. Spallanzani and Erhlich b. Fleming and Gram c. Pasteur and Redi d. Escherich and Coli e. Rogers and Hammerstein f. Pasteur and Koch | f. Pasteur and Koch |
| Types of microorganisms able to thrive in the Dead Sea where salinity reaches 30% are: a. bacteria b. archaea c. eukaryotic d. fungi e. protozoa | b. archaea |
| Of the three domains, to which does the protozoa belong? a. Animalia b. Archaea c. Protista d. Eukarya e. Protozoa | d. Eukarya |
| His vaccine greatly reduced deaths due to rabies: a. Robert Koch b. Captain Morgan c. Edward Jenner d. Alexander Fleming e. Louis Pasteur | e. Louis Pasteur |
| A nanometer is ____________of a meter: a. 1/100 b. 1/1000 c. 1/100,000 d. 1/1,000,000 e. 1/1,000,000,000 | e. 1/1,000,000,000 |
| These structures serve as a way for bacteria to adhere to other cells or structures: a. endospores b. plasmids c. fimbriae d. flagellum e. ribosomes | c. fimbriae |
| Which phenomenon would never be observed in a bacterial cell? a. endospores b. nuclear division c. capsule formation d. locomotion e. protein synthesis | b. nuclear division |
| All of the following are prokaryotic cell structures except: a. cell wall b. endospores c. fimbriae d. cytoplasm e. mitochomdria f. ribosomes | e. mitochomdria |
| The bacterial cell wall is: a. positively charged b. negatively charged c. both positively and negatively charged d. not charged e. none of these answers | b. negatively charged |
| Taxis in relationship to not wanting to be near chemicals is best exemplified by: a. an attraction to light b. a repellant to the light c. an attraction to chemicals d. an attraction to the opposite sex e. a repellant to chemicals | e. a repellant to chemicals |
| Peritrichous bacteria: a. have peptidoglycan in their cell wall b. have thin slime layers c. produce endospores d. have a nucleus e. are capable of changing its shape f. have numerous flagella | f. have numerous flagella |
| The gram-negative cell wall is composed of all of the following except: a. NAG and NAM b. porin proteins c. periplasm d. wall teichoic acid and lipoteicoic acid e. lipopolysaccharides | d. wall teichoic acid and lipoteicoic acid |
| The part of peptidoglycan that refers to the carbohydrate portion is: a. peptide cross bridges b. tetrapeptide side chains c. phospholipids d. NAG and NAM e. cellulose f. periplasm | d. NAG and NAM |
| The periplasm of the gram-negative bacteria: a. is the space between the wall membrane and the plasma membrane b. is part of the plasma membrane c. is part of the flagella anchored in the cell wall d. is a type of fimbriae e. none of these answers | a. is the space between the wall membrane and the plasma membrane |
| All of the following are part of the gram-positive cell wall except: a. wall membrane b. peptidoglycan c. lipoteichoic acid d. NAG and NAM e. peptide side chains | a. wall membrane |
| Lysis of the gram-positive bacterial cell wall is accomplished when the bacterium is exposed to: a. lysozyme b. fatty acids c. carbohydrates d. lipids e. sterols | a. lysozyme |
| A transport protein of the gram-negative cell wall membrane is: a. wall teichoic acid b. cholesterol c. porin d. flagellin e. fimbriae | c. porin |
| Identify the correct statement concerning the bacterial cell wall: a. gram-positive cell walls are much thicker than gram-negative b. gram-negative bacteria are less resistant to penicillin than gram-positive c. gram-positive bacteria have a wall membrane | a. gram-positive cell walls are much thicker than gram-negative |
| A resistant structure functioning to protect bacteria in times of environmental stress is the: a. cytoplasm b. ribosome c. endospore d. flagellum e. flagella f. cilia | c. endospore |
| A well-defined sticky, gelatinous layer surrounding the bacterial cell wall in some bacteria is the: a. capsule b. endospore c. slime layer d. NAG and NAM e. fimbriae | a. capsule |
| Structures for attachment in bacteria are: a. endospores b. fimbriae c. flagella d. ribosomes e. both b and c f. none of the above | b. fimbriae |
| Slight bent rod-shaped bacteria are called: a. cocci b. vibrio c. bacilli d. tetrads e. spirochetes | b. vibrio |
| An enzyme causing lysis in some bacteria that is found in saliva and tears is: a. porin b. lysozyme c. flagellin d. axial filament e. both b and d | b. lysozyme |
| Spherical bacteria arranged in a cluster are: a. coccobacilli b. streptobacilli c. staphylococci d. streptococci e. tetrads | c. staphylococci |
| A type of spiral bacteria are: a. cocci b. bacilli c. coccobacilli d. spirochetes | d. spirochetes |
| A filament, hook and basal body are all components of the: a. endospores b. fimbriae c. cell wall d. axial filaments e. flagella | e. flagella |
| Bacterial flagella: a. are composed of microtubules b. display a ￢ﾀﾜ9 + 2￢ﾀﾝ arrangement c. are composed of the protein flagellin d. are exactly the same as Eukaryotic flagella e. are the same as fimbria | c. are composed of the protein flagellin |
| The ￢ﾀﾜmosaic￢ﾀﾝ part of the fluid mosaic membrane refers to: a. proteins with their different shapes, sizes, and function b. cholesterol part of the membrane c. the hydrophobic-hydrophilic nature of phospholipid d. fluidity of the membrane | a. proteins with their different shapes, sizes, and function |
| A bacterial cell placed in a hypertonic solution is best represented by which: a. osmotic lysis occurs b. equilibrium is reached c. plasmolysis occurs d. the cell swells in size and bursts | c. plasmolysis occurs |
| The solute in a solution is the: a. dissolving medium b. liquid c. dissolved substance d. solution e. water | c. dissolved substance |
| A non-synthetic media where the formula is not known is a | Complex media |
| A synthetic media where the formula is known is a | Chemically defined media |
| Nutrient agar (NA) and tryptic soy agar (TSA)are what type of media | General purpose |
| Media with an additive to enhance growth is called | Enriched media |
| The media that allows some bacteria to grow but not others is called | Selective media |
| Selective media includes | sodium cloride agar, eosin methylene blue (EMB), and Mannitol salt agar (MSA) |
| Differential media includes | eosin methylene blue (EMB), Mannitol salt agar (MSA), and blood agar plate |
| Why is it called differential media | Because it allows you to differential by the results |
| Which two media are both selective and differential | eosin methylene blue (EMB) and Mannitol salt agar (MSA) |
| Which media is good for growing Gram-negative but will inhibit Gram-positive growth | eosin methylene blue (EMB) |
| What type of microscope do we use in the lab | Brightfield microscope |
| What two factors affect microscopy | magnification and resolution |
| What is the purpose of the oil when using the oil immersion lens | It is to keep the light from refracting |
| Why is it called a brightfield microscope | The field of view is illuminated (bright) |
| Which microscope will provide the most magnification | Electron microscope |
| The use of electronic beams instead of light in the electron microscope eliminates which factor of microscopy | loss of resolution |
| SEM stands for | Scanning electron miscroscope |
| TEM stands for | Transmission electron microscope |
| What is the order of the following steps for creating a smear slide: Staining, smear preparation, heat fixing | smear preparation, heat fixing, Staining |
| Dyes that are attracted to a slightly negative bacteria are what type of dyes? | basic dyes |
| Stains that do not stain the bacteria, but instead create a negative stains are what type of dyes? | Acidic dyes |
| What are the basic dyes we have discussed/used? | crystal violet, methylene blue, malachite green, and safranin |
| What are the acidic dyes we have discussed/used? | nigrosin, india ink, eosin |
| What is the puropose of simple staining? | To highlight microorganisms |
| What would be used to intensify a stain? | a mordant |
| Gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain are all classified as what type of staining? | Differential staining |
| Using crystal violet, mordant, decolorizer, and safranin is conducting which method of staining? | Gram stain |
| Using carbolfuschin, decolorizer, and methylene blue is conducting which method of staining? | acid-fast stain |
| Using malachite green and safranin is conducting which method of staining? | endospore stain |
| What are two special staining methods? | Capsule staining and Flagella staining. |
Created by:
brian.belson
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