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Bio 101 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biology | Scientific study of life |
| What are the characteristics of life? | Organization, energy, internal constancy, reproduction, growth, development, evolution, and movement (weakest) |
| What is the organization of life/biology? | Atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere |
| What is energy needed for? | Keeping organization, carrying out chemical reactions, transporting molecules inside and among cells, maintaining internal constancy, reproducing, growing, and developing |
| Producers/Autotrophs | Extract energy and nutrients from the nonliving environment |
| Consumers/Heterotrophs | Obtain energy and nutrients by eating organisms |
| Decomposers | Consumers that obtain nutrients from dead organisms and organic wastes |
| Homeostasis | Process by which a cell or organism maintains internal constancy |
| Asexual Reproduction | Only one parent is involved, and the offspring are genetically identical to the parent |
| Sexual Reproduction | Two parents are involved, and the offspring are genetically different from the parent |
| Evolution | Genetic change over time in a population |
| What are the 8 levels of taxonomic hierarchy? | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Specific Descriptor |
| What are the kingdoms of eukaryotes? | Animals, Fungi, Plants, and Protists |
| What is the difference between eukaryotes and prokaryotes? | Eukaryotes have a nucleus while prokaryotes do not have one |
| Scientific Method | Observations, questions, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion, and peer review |
| Niche | Where an organism lives and what it does there |
| What are the two factors related to the earth that affect climate? | Curvature and tilt |
| Energy Flow of Organisms | Producers, Primary Consumers, and Secondary Consumers |
| Convection Cells | Warm material rises and cold material sinks |
| How do mountains influence climate? | The top of a mountain is cooler at the top than at the bottom. The upwind side is moist, and the rain shadow side is drier. |
| Terrestrial Biomes | land/soil: forests, deserts, and grasslands |
| Aquatic Biomes | Lakes, streams, and oceans |
| Physical factors that dictate where species live are | Energy, temperature/moisture, and nutrients |
| Competitive Exclusion | Two species cannot coexist indefinitely in the same niche |
| Resource Partitioning | Multiple species with similar requirements coexist in the same habitat, by maybe alternating eating times |
| What are the types of interactions? | Competition, symbiosis, herbivory, and predation |
| Symbiosis | Interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association |
| Mutualism | Both parties benefit |
| Commensalism | One party benefits, the other is not harmed |
| Parasitism | One party benefits, the other is harmed by it |
| Coevolution | Two species evolve together |
| Keystone Species | Has a pivotal role in the community |
| Succession | Gradual change in a community's species composition |
| Primary Succession | Occurs in an area where no community previously existed |
| Secondary Succession | Occurs when a community is disturbed, but not destroyed |
| Common Set of Principles | Opportunistic Species (short-lived, quickly reproduce) and Climax/Equilibrium Species (hardy, constant, doesn't grow/diminish) |
| Food Chain | Linear sequence of feeding relationships |
| Trophic Levels | Describes its position in the food chain |
| Food Web | Networks of interconnected food chains |
| Gross Primary Production | Total amount of energy that is trapped by all autotrophs in an ecosystem |
| Net Primary Production | How much energy is moved to the next level |
| Biomagnification | Toxins get passed down the food chain and they are fat soluble |
| What are the biogeochemical cycles? | Water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus |
| Carbon Cycle | Photosynthesis, respiration, organic matter in soil, decomposers, compression, combustion |
| How does carbon return to the atmosphere? | Respiration and combustion of fossil fuels |
| Nitrogen Cycle | Nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification |
| Nitrogen Fixation | Process where microbes convert atmosphere N2 gas into NH4+ions (ammonium) which the producers are able to absorb |
| Nitrification | Bacteria and archaea convert ammonium to nitrate which is another form plants can use |
| Denitrification | Bacteria convert ammonium and nitrate back to N2 gas and releases it into the atmosphere |
| Phosphorus Cycle | Weathering, absorption by plants, absorption by animals, and return to the environment through decomposition |
| Eutrophication | Process where excessive nutrients are added to water, this can lead to oxygen-poor water that cannot support life |
| Ecosystem | biotic community plus the abiotic environment |
| Population | Consists of interbreeding organisms of one species occupying the same area at the same time |
| Community | Includes all populations representing the multiple species in the same region |
| Habitat | Physical location where the members of a population normally live |
| Population Density | Number of individuals of a species per unit area or unit volume of a habitat |
| What are the uses of population density other than ecology? | Pest control, hunting, regulations, plan infrastructure development |
| How do they count species? | Aerial photos, sampling small subset, and mark-recapture |
| Birth Rate | Number of new individuals produced per individual in a defined time period, immigration also counts |
| Death Rate | Number of deaths per unit time, scaled by population size, emigration also counts |
| Stable Population | Population of mainly older individuals and has a lower birth rate, rectangular age structure |
| Growing Population | Population of many young, reproducing individuals is likely to have a high birth rate, triangular age structure |
| 3 Types of Survivorship Curves | Type 1 (late loss), Type 2 (constant loss), Type 3 (early loss) |
| Type 1 Late Loss | Species invest energy caring for young; most individuals survive to reproduce, humans and large vertebrates. Equilibrium |
| Type 2 Constant Loss | Species have an approximately equal probability of dying at any age, birds and mammals. |
| Type 3 Early Loss | Species invest little energy raising their young; few individuals survive to reproduce, fish and most invertebrates and plants. Opportunistic |
| Opportunistic vs Equilibrium | Opportunistic-produces many offspring but does not invest parental care. Equilibrium-produces few offspring and invests parental care to reproduce a high quality offspring |
| 2 Types of Population Growth Curves | Exponential (J) and Logistic (S) |
| Carrying Capacity | The number of individuals that the habitat can support indefinitely |
| Density Dependent | These factors' effects increase as a population grows, biotic |
| Density Independent | These factors limit populations at all densities, abiotic |
| Post-reproductive countries are | More developed countries |
| Pre-reproductive countries are | More underdeveloped countries |
| Why has the growth rate of humans increased? | People live longer |
| 3 Levels of Biodiversity | Genetic, species, ecosystem |
| Habitat Destruction | Primary threat to biodiversity due to humans |
| Who has the highest net primary consumption? | Tropical rainforest |
| What is causing pH levels to drop in the ocean? | Acidification due to CO2 (carbon dioxide) |
| Why should we be concerned with the ecological footprint of every country? | Provides a crucial measure of how each country is impacting the earth's natural resources |
| Extinction | The last individual of a species has perished |
| Endangered Species | Has a high risk of extinction in the future |
| Vulnerable Species | Likely to become extinct in the more distant future |
| Pollution | Any chemical, physical, or biological change in the environment that harms living organisms |
| Smog | Type of air pollution that forms a visible haze in the lower atmosphere |
| Acid Disposition | Sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the atmosphere can mix with water and form acid rain 4.6 |
| CFCs destroy the | Ozone layer |
| Greenhouse Effect | CO2, methane, and nitrous gases trap heat in the atmosphere |
| Invasive Species | An introduced species is brought by humans to an area where it did not previously occur |
Created by:
MOWGaming04
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