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Multicell organisms
Multicellular organisms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| nucleotide bases | ATCG |
| A | T |
| C | G |
| genes | the sequence of bases on a DNA strand |
| exons | coding regions of DNA |
| introns | non coding regions of DNA |
| proteins | composed of one or more long chains of amino acids |
| cell differentiation | when cells specialise in structure and function |
| environmental factors in gene expression | diet, physical activity, and stress can trigger changes in gene expression, affecting an organism's phenotype |
| levels of organisation | cells to tissues to organs to orgain systems |
| organ | a collection of different tissues grouped together to perform a specific function |
| examples of human organ systems | respiratory, digestive, excretory, circulatory, nervous |
| the respiratory system | provides oxygen to all organ systems for energy production |
| the digestive system | breaks down food for nutrient absorption by other organs |
| the circulatory system | transports oxygen and digested products to all cells |
| the nervous system | regulates organ activity, such as heart rate and breathing rate |
| lifestyle choices | diet, exercise, prescription medications, alcohol |
| exchange of materials in unicellular organisms | absorb materials directly from their environment |
| material exchange surfaces in multicellular organisms | thins, moist, large surface area |
| diffusion | the movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration |
| asthma | a medical condition that disrupts healthy breathing and gas exchange |
| materials taken in by animals | Oxygen, Water, Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Vitamins, Minerals |
| materials excreted by animals | Excess water, Salts, Carbon Dioxide, Urea |
| examples of exchange surfaces | alveoli, villi, nephrons |
| inhalation | when air is drawn into the alveoli |
| exhalation | when air is expelled from the alveoli |
| excretion | the removal of the wastes of metabolism |
| diuretics | substances that promote the formation of urine |
| diuretic examples | alcohol and caffeine |
| cell components of blood | red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets |
| arteries | carry blood away from the heart |
| veins | carry blood back to the heart |
| capillaries | carry blood through tissues in close proximity to cells |
| artery struture and function | thick, muscular walls to withstand high pressure |
| vein structure and function | thinner walls with valves to assist low-pressure blood return |
| capillary structure and function | thin walls for efficient exchange near cells |
| cardiac cycle | the sequence of events of a heartbeat |
| lymph Capillaries | these are vessels of the lymphatic system found between blood capillaries |
| lymphatic Vessels | lymph capillaries unite to form larger vessels known as lymphatics |
| lymph Nodes | they house white blood cells. Pathogens not previously eliminated by white blood cells are transported to lymph nodes for destruction |
| open circulatory system | when there are no vessels to contain the blood, and it flows freely through the cavities of the body |
| closed circulatory system | when blood is always contained within vessels |
| double circulation | blood passes through the heart twice before completing a full circuit of the body |
| oxygenated blood pathway | blood flows from the lungs to the heart to be pumped out to the rest of the body |
| deoxygenated blood pathway | blood flows from the body back to the heart to be pumped to the lungs |
| pulmonary circulation | carries blood to or from the lungs |
| systemic circulation | carries blood to or from all other organs |
Created by:
justineforrest
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