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EXAM #1
Found Cell Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Key Features of Cell | -Enclosed by plasma membrane -controls entry and exit of substances -Organelles |
| Define Cell | -All living organisms are made up of cells -Cell is the basic unit of structure and organization -Cells arise from pre-existing cells |
| Why are cells small? | -as cell gets bigger, the SA:V ratio gets smaller (more volume, less membrane) |
| Fimbrae/pili | -hairlike projections -used for adherence |
| Storage granules | -area of the cell where nutrients are stored |
| flagellum | -spin like a propeller -motility structures |
| Ribosomes (bacteria) | -site of protein synthesis |
| Cell Wall (bacteria) | -gives cell its shape -composed of peptidoglycan -tough, fibrous protective layer |
| Gram-Positive | -Thick layer of peptidoglycan -Singular plasma membrane |
| Gram-Negative | -thin peptidoglycan layer -double plasma membrane |
| Nucleoid | -where dna is contain |
| Capsule | -helps cells adhere -polysaccharide layer |
| Nucleus | -contains most of DNA -site of DNA and RNA synthesis |
| Nuclear Envelope | -inner membrane -outer membrane |
| Nuclear Pores | -large complex of proteins that control entry and exit to the nucleus |
| Nuclear Import/Export | -Import: importins bind protein with NLS to form "cargo complex" -importins return to cytosol |
| Nucleolus | -site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and assembly of ribosomes -can have one or more |
| Ribosome (animals) | -site of protein synthesis -particles composed of proteins and rRNA |
| Endomembrane System | -Network of organelles involved in Vesicular transport |
| Vesicular transport | |
| ER | -surrounds nucleus -Extends into cytoplasm -connect to nuclear envelope |
| Rough ER | -Protein assembly -incorporation into vesicle for transport from ER to next destination |
| Smooth ER | -synthesis of lipids, carbohydrates, and steroid hormones |
| Golgi Apparatus | -Protein sorting -can also modify of oligosaccharide chains addeded to proteins in ER |
| Cis Face | -entry surface -receives vesicle from ER |
| Medial | -middle region -in between cis and trans face |
| Trans face | -exit surface -faces plasma membrane -site of transport |
| Lysosome | -digest food -breaks down malfunctioning cell structures |
| Acid hydrolases | -transported through ER to Golgi and budsto form lysosmes |
| Primary Lysosome | -helps with cell metabolisms -ingests dissolving unwanted parts of the cell |
| Secondary Lysosome | -breaking down enclosed materials -degrading extracellular material |
| Autophagy | -gets rid of damage organelles within the cell |
| Vacuole | -only found in plant/prokaryotic cell -digest nutrient -acts as a storage compartment -stores salt, some pigments and metabolic wastes |
| peroxisome | -formed from budding from smooth ER -Oxidation of fatty acids -synthesize phospholipids -detoxify alcohol in liver cells -hydrogen peroxide is made as a by-product |
| Mitochondria | -powerhouse -site of oxidative phosphorylation -enclosed by double membrane -Outer and Inner membrane |
| Chloroplasts | -site of photosynthesis -light to chemical energy |
| Origins of Mitochondria | -Theory of serial endosymbiosis |
| Origins of Chloroplasts | -theory of serial endosymbiosis -where it was absorbed by a cell that already had a mitrocondra |
| Cytoskeleton | -dense network of protein fibers -highly dynamic -give cells mechanical strength, shape, adn ability to move |
| Cilia | -hairlike structures -beats in a whiplike fashion |
| Flagella | -singular -longer and less numerous than cilia -9 fused pairs -2 unfused pairs -Anchored by basal body 9x3 organization -Movement produced by sliding up and down against each other |
| Cell Wall (animals) | -provides structural support and protection -composed of polysaccharides and porteins |
| Monosaccharides | -contains 3 to 7 sugars -all except dihydroxyacetone contain one or more chiral carbon atoms -simple sugars |
| Aldoses | -monosaccharide whose carbon skeleton has an aldehyde group -primarily found in plants |
| Ketoses | -monosaccharide whose carbon skeleton has a ketone group -only in presence of reducing sugar |
| Isomer D | -most monosaccharides in living organisms are D stereoisomers |
| Isomer L | -simple sugars |
| Cyclization A isomer | -If hydroxyl groups is on opposite side it is Alpha |
| Cyclization B isomer | -If hydroxyl group is on the same side it is BEta |
| Glycosidic Bonds | -bonds formed between carbonyl carbon ofone suagr and any hydroxyl carbon on another sugar -Condensation -Hydrolysis |
| Disaccharides | -Two monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond |
| Lactose | -made up of one alpha glucose and one beta galactose |
| Sucrose | -made up of one alpha glucose and one beta fructose |
| Maltose | -two alpha glucoses linked together |
| Bond Linkage of Disaccharides | -linked by glycosidic bonds |
| Polysaccharides | -macromolecules consisting of repeating units of simple suagr -plays important role in energy storage and structure - |
| Homopolysaccharides | -Can be branched -Can be unbranched -all same monomers |
| Heteropolysaccharides | -two different monomers that are either branched or unbranched |
| Starch | -Repeating units of Alpha-D-Glucose -Can occur in two forms -Energy storage in plants |
| Glycogen | -repeating units of Alpha-D-Glucose -Main storage of energy in animals |
| Function of Cellulose | -structural component of plants -humans lack enzymes to break down cellulose |
| Structure of Cellulose | -repeating units of Beta-D-glucose |
| Function of Chitin | -provides structural support for cell walls of fungi -can form exoskeleton of arthropods |
| Structure of Chitin | -composed of amino sugar derivative |
| Glycoproteins | -half of mammalian proteins are glycoproteins -plays a role in protein-protein recognition -protein with small oligosaccharides attached |
| Glycolipids | -lipids covalently bound to oligosaccharide -parts of plant and animal cell membranes -involved in cell-to-cell interactions |
| Lipids | -most are amphipathic -energy source -membrane structure -cell signaling |
| Saturated FA | -No double bonds between carbons and the chain |
| Unsaturated FA | -One or more double bond between carbons in the the chain |
| Triacyclglycerols function | -concentrated food reserve |
| Triacyclglycerols structure | -Glycerol on top -three FA covalently linked to the Glycerol |
| Phospholipids function | -can self-assemble into a double-layer to become bilayers |
| Phospholipids Asymmetric Bilayer assembly | -can self-assemble in watery environment -Glycolipids -Phosphatidylinositols -on side facing outwards -the other side facing inwards |
| Membrane Fluidity function | -Rapid Diffusion of Lipids and Proteins -Fusion of Vesicle -Even Distribution of Membrane lipids during Cell Divisiono |
| Membrane fluidity influences | -length of FA tails -Saturation of FA -Cholesterol |
| Role of Cholesterol | -fills spaces left by kinks of unsaturated FA tails -stiffens the bilayer |
| Two types of 5-Carbon Sugar | -Deoxyribose -Ribose |
| Ribose | -Found in RNA -has an oxygen containing ring |
| Deoxyribose | -Found in DNA -has two chains that reads anti-parallel -held together by hydrogen bonds between the base portions -has a hydrogen containing ring |
| The linkage of carbon sugar | -glycosidic bond |
| Phosphate groups | -AMP -ATP -ADP |
| How many phosphates groups | -5 |
| Bonds involved in phosphates groups | -Phosphoanhydride bonds |
| Nitrogenous base | -A binds with T -C binds with G -RNA: A bind with U |
| Purines | -Adenine -Guanine |
| Pyrimidines | -Thymine -Uracil -Cytosime |
| Functions of Nucleotides | -can act as an energy carrier -can bind with an enzyme to become a Coenzyme -can serve as an intracellular signaling molecules |
| NA in Coenzyme A | -serves as a carrier of acetyl groups formed upon ozidative decarboxylation of pyruvate |
| NA in Cyclic AMP | -binds to regulates function of protein kinases -Intracellular signaling molecules |
| NA in ATP | -When NT acts as an energy carrier |
| DNA Structure | -double helix -Deoxyribose as sugar -Thymine |
| RNA structure | -single stranded -Ribose sugar -Urical replaces Thymine |
Created by:
Maddiestrat09
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