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Human Bio 205 Lab P1
Human Bio 205 Lab Practicum 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Anatomical position | Position where body is upright facing forward, limbs at the side |
| Superior | Toward head |
| Inferior | Away from head |
| Anterior | Toward front of body |
| Posterior | Toward back of body |
| Medial | Toward midline |
| Lateral | Away from midline |
| Proximal | Closer to trunk of body (limbs) |
| Distal | Farther from trunk of body (limbs) |
| Deep | Internal |
| Superficial | External |
| Sagittal Plane | Vertical plane that divides into left and right parts |
| Midsagittal Plane | Vertical plane that divides into equal left and right parts |
| Frontal Plane | Vertical plane that divides into anterior and posterior parts |
| Transverse Plane | Horizontal plane that divides into superior and inferior parts |
| Plasma Membrane | Controls what enters and exits cell |
| Microvillus | Increases cell surface area for absorption |
| Nucleus | Controls cellular activity |
| Nucleolus | Produces ribosome components, composed of DNA and RNA |
| Chromatin | Condenses into chromosomes during cell division |
| Nuclear Pore | Holes in nuclear membrane that allow movement of substances between nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Cytoplasm | All materials between plasma membrane and nucleus (cytosol and organelles) |
| Cytosol | Semi-fluid gel that fills up the cytoplasm |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | Processes amino acid chains |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | Detoxification; also makes lipids and steroid hormones |
| Ribosome | Site of protein synthesis |
| Golgi Apparatus | Packages and ships proteins and lipids |
| Vesicle | Transports substances within a cell |
| Lysosome | Digests substances |
| Mitochondrion | ATP production site (folds are called cristae) |
| Cytoskeleton | Gives shape to cell |
| Centriole | Involved with cell division (straws) |
| Cilium | Hair-like structures that move substances past cell |
| Flagellum | Moves the cell; very long |
| Epidermis | Surface layer of the skin; gives protection and water retension |
| Keratinocyte | Epidermic cells; includes keratin |
| Corneal Layer | Outermost layer of Epidermis; has dead skin cells |
| Basal Layer | Deepest Layer of Epidermis; where dead cells are pushed up |
| Dermis | 2nd Layer of skin |
| Dermal Papilla | Small bumps containing sensory structures. Gives fingerprints |
| Hypodermis | Deepest layer of skin |
| Adipose Tissue | Fat Tissue |
| Sweat Gland | In dermis; produces sweat |
| Sebaceous Gland | Glands attached to hair follicles; produces sebum |
| Hair Shaft | Region of hair that is visible |
| Hair Root | Region of hair under the surface |
| Hair Follicle | Encapsulates hair root |
| Arrector Pili Muscle | Small involuntary muscle; causes hairs to stand up |
| Free Nerve Ending of Epidermis | Nerve ending that detects pressure and temperature |
| Free Nerve Ending of Hair Follicle | Nerve ending found at the end of hair follicle |
| Merkel Disk | Touches basal layer; detects light pressure |
| Meissner Corpuscle | Small bulb around basal layer; detects pressure and light vibrations |
| Pacinian Corpuscle | Large bulb in dermis/hypodermis |
| Periosteum | Thin layer of dense connective tissue that covers surface of bone |
| Periosteal Blood Vessel | Blood vessel going through periosteum |
| Osteon | Unit of compact bone |
| Lamella | Concentric layers |
| Central Canal | Narrow tube at center of osteon |
| Lacuna | Small cavities between lamellae that house osteocytes |
| Osteocyte | Mature bone cells |
| Canaliculus | Small channels that radiate out from lacunae |
| Perforating Canal | Provide blood to central canals from periosteum or medullary cavity |
| Endosteum | Thin layer of connective tissue that lines medullary cavity |
| Red Bone Marrow | Hematopoetic tissue found in open spaces of spongy bone |
| Yellow Bone Marrow | Adipose Tissue in medullary cavity |
| Diaphysis | Bone body (covers medullary cavity) |
| Proximal Epiphysis | End of bone closest to point of origin |
| Distal Epiphysis | End of bone furthest from point of origin |
| Medullary Cavity | Hollow space within diaphysis |
| Compact Bone | Outside of medullary cavity; very dense |
| Spongy Bone | Lighter bone tissue filled with holes; looks spongy |
| Epiphyseal Line | Line between diaphysis & epiphysis; where growth occurs |
| Frontal Bone | Front of skull |
| Parietal Bone | Behind frontal bone |
| Temporal Bone | Behind ears |
| Occipital Bone | Back of skull |
| Ethmoid Bone | Separates nasal cavity from brain cavity |
| Foramen Magnum | Under occipital bone |
| Coronal Suture | Joint between frontal & parietal bones |
| Sagittal Suture | Joint between the 2 parietal bones |
| Anterior Fontanel | Cartilege between incomplete frontal & parietal bones during early development |
| Zygomatic Bone | Cheek bones |
| Maxilla | Upper jaw bone |
| Nasal Bone | Bridge of nose bone |
| Mandible | Lower jaw bone |
| Paranasal Sinus | Air-filled spaces in bones around the nose |
| Sternum | Front of ribs |
| True Rib #1-7 | Directly connect to the sternum |
| False Rib #8-10 | Don't connect to sternum, just other ribs |
| Floating Rib #11-12 | No anterior attachment; connects to previous ribs |
| Vertebrae | Series of bones & connective tissue that surround & protect nervous system |
| Cervical Vertebra | 7 vertebrae bones; smallest |
| Thoracic Vertebra | 12 vertebrae bones; medium sized |
| Lunbar Vertebra | 5 vertebrae bones; largest |
| Sacrum | Triangle-shaped bone in pelvis |
| Coccyx | Small bones attached to bottom of sacrum; tail bone |
| Atlas | First vertebra; top of neck |
| Axis | Second vertebra; connects to atlas with dens |
| Vertebral body | Block-like mass that makes up vertebrae bones |
| Vertebral Canal | Hole of vertebra that spinal cord passes through |
| Intervertebral Disk | Cartilege disk between vertebral body |
| Appendicular Skeleton | Limbs; pelvis down |
| Scapula | Shoulder bone |
| Clavicle | Collar bone |
| Humerus | Upper arm bone |
| Radius | Forearm bone on side of the thumb |
| Ulna | Forearm bone on side of the pinky |
| Carpal Bone | Wrist bones |
| Metacarpal | Intermediate hand bones |
| Phalanges of Hand | Finger bones |
| Coxal Bone | Hip bones |
| Pubic Symphysis | Cartilaginous joint on anterior side of pelvis |
| Femur | Thigh bone |
| Patella | Knee cap |
| Tibia | Shin bone on side of big toe |
| Fibula | Shin bone on side of pinky toe |
| Tarsal Bones | Ankle bones |
| Calcaneus | Heel bone |
| Metatarsal | Intermediate foot bones |
| Phalanges of Foot | Toe bones |
| Fibrous Joint | Held by fibrous connective tissue; i.e: Suture |
| Cartilaginous Joint | Held by cartilege; i.e: Symphysis |
| Synovial Joint | Has a synovial cavity; i.e: Shoulder and elbow |
| Hinge Joint | Type of synovial joint that allows 1 range of motion |
| Ball & Socket Joint | Type of synovial joint that allows lots of motion; i.e: shoulder and hip |
| Epiphysis of Proximal Bone | Rounded end of proximal bone, connecting to distal bone |
| Epiphysis of Distal Bone | Rounded end of distal bone, connecting to proximal bone |
| Articular Cartilege | Cartilege at the end of bones |
| Joint Capsule | Capsule that envelopes joint |
| Synovial Membrane | Connective tissue membrane that lines the synovial cavity |
| Synovial Cavity | Space between bones within synovial membrane |
| Synovial Fluid | Thick yolk-like fluid within synovial cavity |
| Medial Meniscus | Semi-circle of fibrocartilege covering medial edge of proximal tibia |
| Lateral Meniscus | Semi-circle of fibrocartilege covering lateral edge of proximal tibia |
| Medial Collateral Ligament | Side of knee joint on tibia |
| Lateral Collateral Ligament | Side of knee joint on fibula |
| Anterior Cruciate Ligament | Front of knee ligament on tibia |
| Posterior Cruciate Ligament | Back of knee ligament on tibia |
| Flexion | Bending that decreases the angle between bones |
| Extension | Straightening that increases the angle between bones |
| Abduction | Away from midline |
| Adduction | Towards midline |
| Plantar Flexion | Pointing foot down like a ballerina |
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