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zoology exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the difference between a compound microscope and a dissecting microscope? | A compound microscope has a greater range of magnification, while a dissecting microscope is better for viewing the surface features of a specimen. |
| Define "field of view" | The amount of observable area |
| Define "depth of field" | The distance from top to bottom of the specimen that you can see in focus |
| What is the scientific notation for nanometers? | 1x10^-9 |
| What is the scientific notation for picometers? | 1x10^-12 |
| Name the 5 main descriptors of animal body plans. | Grade of Organization, Symmetry, Body Cavity, Segmentation, and Cephalization |
| What are the three types of animal body cavities? Define each one. | Acoelomate (no body cavity), Pseudocoelomate (non-specialized body cavity), and Coelomate (body cavity with an epithelial lining) |
| List the taxonomic hierarchy from most general to most specific. | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| Describe a "node" on a cladogram. | It's the point where lines intersect. |
| Describe the "root" on a cladogram | The central trunk from which all groups branch from. |
| What are the terminal taxa on a cladogram? | The taxa at the tips of the branches. |
| Define synapomorphy. | When a derived character is shared by two or more species. |
| Define apomorphy. | A character unique to a group or species. |
| Define derived character. | A trait from a recent common ancestor of a lineage that passes down to each descendant. |
| What is a monophyletic group? How can we recognize it on a cladogram? | A group that contains a single common ancestor and all of its descendants. On a cladogram, if a circle cannot be drawn around the groups where it only crosses a line once, then it is not a monophyletic group and cannot be named. |
| What is the difference between a polyphyletic group and a paraphyletic group? | A paraphyletic group is doesn't include an entire lineage and is missing descendants. A polyphyletic group crosses the lines more than once on a cladogram. |
| What is an outgroup in systematics? | A taxon with no derived character states, used to compare to others with shared derived character states in a cladogram |
| What is a sister group in systematics? | The closest related groups towards the tip of a branch on a cladogram. |
| Name the phases of mitosis in order. Be able to describe what happens in each stage. | Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| What is the function of the golgi apparatus in the cell? | It sorts, marks, and packages vesicles. |
| What is the function of the smooth ER in the cell? | Creating lipids |
| What is the function of the mitochandria in the cell? | Making ATP, cellular respiration (if you said powerhouse of the cell, you lose) |
| What is the function of rough ER in the cell? | Folding proteins |
| What is the function of a ribosome in the cell? | To create proteins |
| What is anisogamy? | A form of sexual reproduction in which males and females produce gametes of different sizes. |
| What are the goals of meiosis? | To make cells with 1/2 the DNA and 1 copy of every chromosome; and to introduce genetic variation |
| What are the two ways meiosis introduces genetic variation, and when do they happen? | Crossing over/ synapsis of the alleles on a chromosome during meiosis I, and independent assortment when the chromatids line up during meiosis II |
| List the four phases of the sperm cell as they mature during spermatogenesis, from least to most mature, and whether they're diploid or haploid. Where in the seminiferous tubule are the least mature found? The most mature? | Spermatogonia (diploid), Primary Spermatocyte (diploid), Secondary Spermatocyte (haploid), Spermatid, Spermatozoa. They head towards the center of the tubule as they mature. |
| List the four phases of the ova as they mature during oogenesis, from least to most mature, and whether they're diploid or haploid. Where in the ovary do they go when most mature? | Oogonia (diploid), Primary Oocytes (diploid), Secondary Oocytes (haploid), Ovum. As they mature they migrate outwards towards the periphery of the ovary. |
| How can one recognize the difference between a primary and secondary oocyte under a microscope? | The primary oocyte has no space, while the secondary starts to develop a ring of space inside it as it matures. |
| How many sperm cells will one spermatogonium produce? How many ova will one oogonium produce? | 4 sperm cells, one ova |
| What are the nonfunctioning polar bodies useful for during oogenesis? | Nonfunctioning polar bodies provide nutrients and energy reserves for the ova. |
| List and describe the three types of yolk distribution. | Isolecithal= very little yolk, even distribution. Mesolecithal = some yolk, concentrated at one end and not even. Telolecithal = large amount of yolk that takes up most of cell volume |
| What is the difference between protostomes and deuterostomes? | Protostomes have spiral cleavage, and the blastopore becomes their mouth. Deuterostomes have radial cleavage, and the blastopore becomes their anus. |
| When does gastrulation begin in frogs? | When the dorsal lip visibly begins to form |
| What is the difference between the vegetal pole and the animal pole? | The vegetal pole is lighter and divides slowly. The animal pole is darker and divides faster into small blastomere. |
| List the five stages of embryonic development in vertebrates in order. | Fertilization (zygote), Cleavage, Blastula, Gastrulation, Neurulation |
| Name the three germ layers, from outermost to innermost. | Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| What is an archenteron? When does it appear? | It is the gut tube that appears during gastrulation |
| An animal is an organism that is... (list four characteristics) | Multicellular, collagen-containing, heterotroph, and eukaryotic |
| What are the three precedents for natural selection? | Variation, Heritability, and Differential Reproduction (some individuals reproduce more than others) |
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clownestate
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