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AP II chp 18
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Secretes a type of hormone to regulate the body | glands |
| Functions of hormones | mood, growth and development, tissue function and metabolism |
| Direct cell signaling | typically involves the movement of ions via gap junctions |
| signaling cell releases a chemical messenger that binds to a receptor on the target cell and activates a signal transduction pathway | indirect cell signaling |
| paracrine | diffusion to a nearby cell |
| autocrine | diffusion back to the signaling cell |
| endocrine | hormone is transported by the circulatory system |
| neural | electrical signal travels along a neuron and releases a neurotransmitter |
| Three steps of indirect signaling | 1)release of chemical messenger; 2)transport of the messenger through the extracellular enviornment to the target cell; 3)communication of the signal to the target cell |
| types of messengers of indirect signaling | hydropphobic(cross membrane by diffusion); and hydrophilic (bind to receptor) |
| a chemical released by one or more cells that affects cells in other parts of the organism | hormones |
| hormonal signaling involves: | biosynthesis; storage and secretion; transport; recognition; relay and amplification(aka translation)(leads to cellular response); degradation |
| hormone actions on target cells | 1)alter plasma membrane permeability; 2)synthesis of proteins; 3)activate or deactivate enzyme systems; 4)mitosis |
| hormones can be divided into 3 classes | 1)amino acid derivatives; 2)peptide hormones; 3)lipid derivatives |
| hormone receptor | protein molecule; responds to several different hormones; combination of receptors; specific receptor |
| agonists | activate receptors |
| antagonists | block receptors; prevent response from happening |
| ligand-gated ion channels | 1)ligand binds receptor; 2) receptor changes shape opening a channel; 3)ions move across membrane;4)concentration and electrical gradients dictate movement;5)alters membrane potential |
| Receptor Enzymes | activated ligand starts a phosphorylation cascade; name based on the reaction catalyzed |
| G protein | enzyme complex coupled to membrane receptor; second messenger |
| cAMP signaling mechanism | 1st messenger binds to receptor;g-protein activated; adenylate cyclase activated; converts ATP to cAMP(2nd messenger);protein kinases |
| peptide hormones | synthesized on rough ER; stored in vesicles; exocytosis; hydrophilic; bind to transmembrane receptors; rapid effects |
| steroid and thyroid hormones | must be synthesized on demand;transport by carrier proteins(albumin);regulate transcription(slow effects); hydrophobic; synthesis smooth ER or mitochondria; can't be stored w/in cell |
| Negative Feedback of regulation of cell signaling | any change from normal; maintains homeostasis |
| positive feedback of regulation of cell signaling | accelerate or enhance; moves away from normal levels |
| pituitary gland (hypophysis) | releases 9 important peptide hormones; hormones bind to membrane receptors; use cAMP as 2nd messenger |
| thyroglobulin (globular protein[of the thyroid gland]) | produce the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4)and triiodothyronine(T3) |
| Thyroxine (T4) | acts as prohormone for T3 |
| triiodothyronine (T3) | exhibits greater activity than T4 |
| thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) | binds to membrane receptors; activates key enzymes in thyroid hormone production |
| thyroid hormones | bind to receptors in Cytoplasm, surfaces of mitochondria and nucleus |
| C (Clear) cells of the thyroid gland | produce calcitonin (CT);movement of calcium into bone; inhibits osteoclast activity |
| 4 effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) | released in response to low concentrations of Ca2+; 1)stimulates osteoclasts;2)inhibits osteoblasts;3)enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ at kidneys;4)stimulates formation and secretion of calcitriol at kidneys |
| what is the location of suprarenal (adrenal)glands | lie along superior border of each kidney |
| superficial suprarenal cortex | stores lipids; manufactures steroid hormones(glucocorticoids[cortisol] and mineralocorticoids[aldosterone]) |
| inner suprarenal medulla | secretions controlled by sympathetic of ANS; produces epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine; metabolic changes persist for several minutes |
| pineal gland | contains pinealocytes=synthesize hormone melatonin |
| functions of melatonin | slows maturation of sperm; antioxidant(protect against damage by free radicals); setting circadian rhythms |
| insulin | peptide hormone release by beta cells; affects target cells |
| glucagon | released by alpha cells; mobilizes energy reserves; affects target cells |
| intestines | hormones important to coordination of digestive activities |
| kidneys | produce the hormones calcitriol and erythropoietin; produce the enzyme renin |
| heart | produces natriuretic peptides: resulting in reduction in blood volume and blood pressure |
| thymus | produces thymosins that help develop and maintain normal immune defenses |
| gonads | testes=testosterone; ovaries=estrogen |
| adipose tissue secretions | leptin=feedback control for appetite; resistin=reduces insulin sensitivity |
| name the hormones important to growth | GH; thyroid hormones; insulin; PTH and Calcitriol; reproductive hormones |
| T/F: hydrophobic needs a receptor outside the cell | false they DO NOT |
| amino acid derivatives examples: | thyroid hormones; catecholamines: epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamin; melatonin |
| peptid hormones examples: | EPO, ADH, oxytocin, insulin |
| lipid derivatives examples: | steroid hormones:estrogens, calcitriol; eicosanoids: prostaglandins |
| peptide hormones characteristics | hydrophilic, made in advance, stored in vesciles, released by exocytosis, short life |
| steroid homrones | hydrophobic, made on demand, released by diffusion, long life |
| competitive antagonist | binds to the same site as nautral ligand=which then blocks natural ligand |
| noncompetitive antagonist | does not bind tot he same site as natural ligand-binds at different area of receptor |
| BONUS:spell out cGMP and cAMP | cyclic guanosine monophosphate; cyclic adenosine monophosphate |
| what happens when protein kinases phosphorylate proteins? | makes them excitable |
| G protein activates enzyme phospholipase C triggers? | receptor cascade: production of diacylglycerol(DAG) and inositol triphosphate (IP3) from membrane phospholipids |
| IP3 diffuses into cytoplasm and triggers? | releases of Ca2+ from intracellular reserves ie. smooth ER |
| DAG and Ca2+ activate? | protein kinase C which phosphorylates Ca2+(2nd messenger), opening them and Ca2+ enters the cell (pos. feedback) |
| Effects of cAMP levels with epinephrine and norepinephrine depend on what? | receptor type (alpha and beta receptors) |
| What does the pituitary gland help control? | growth, blood pressure, aspects pregnancy/childbirth, breast milk production, sex organ functions, thyroid gland function, metabolism,water and osmolarity regulation,absorption water into kidneys, temp regulation |
| What are the 2 major lobers of the pituitary gland? | posterior pituitary(lobe); anterior pituitary (lobe) |
| hormones in the anterior pituitary lobe | TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, PRL, MSH |
| hormones in posteriro pituitary lobe | oxytocin, ADH |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) | thyroid |
| prolactin(PRL) | mammary gland |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH) | adrenal gland |
| growth hormone(GH) | in adipose tissue and bone |
| follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) | gonads(testes, ovaries) |
| luteinizing hormone (LH) | gonads (testes, ovaries) |
| melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH) | melanocytes |
| What are the skeletal effects of growth hormone? | increased cartilage formation and skeletal growth |
| what are the extraskeletal effects of growth hormone? | increased protein synthesis, and cell growth and proliferation |
| what are the fat effects of growth hormone? | increased fat breakdown and release |
| what are the carbohydrate metabolism effects of growth hormone? | increased blood glucose and other anti-insulin effects |
| T/F: the pituitary has direct release but not direct control | False; has direct control |
| what are the main effects of thyroid hormones? | 1)elevated rates of oxygen and energy consumption;2)increased heart rate and force of contraction; 3)stimulation of RBC formation |
| Cortisol | controls carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism and are anti-inflammatory |
| aldosterone | control electrolyte and water levels, mainly by promoting sodium retention in the kidney |
| endocrine in pancreas | consists of cells that form clusters known as pancreatic islets, or isltes of Langerhans; alpha, beta, delta, F cells |
| alpha cells of pancreas(endocrine) | produce glucAgon |
| beta cells of pancreas(endocrine) | produce insulin |
| delta cells of pancreas(endocrine) | produce peptide hormone identical to SOMATOSTATIN ie. GH-IH |
| F cells of pancreas(endocrine) | secrete pancreatic polypeptide(PP) |
| exocrine in pancreas | secreting PANCREATIC JUICE containing digestive enzymes that pass to the duodenum |
| What happens when blood glucose levels rise(pancreas)? | beta cells secret insulin (stimulating transport of glucose across plasma membranes) |
| what happens when blood glucose levels decline (pancreas)? | alpha cells release glucagon(stimulating glucose release by liver) |
| what is the hormone for delta cells? | GH-IH(somatostatin) |
| what are the hormonal effects of delta cells?(with their hormone) | inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion; slows rates of nutrien absorptiona nd enzyme secretion along digestive tract |
| What is the hormone for F cells? | pancreatic polypeptide (PP) |
| what are the hormonal effects of F cells? (with their hormone) | inhibits gallbladder contraction; regulates production of pancreatic enzymes; influences rate of nturient absorption by digestive tract |
| GH | in kids: supports muscular and skeletal development; in adults:maintains normal blood glucose concentrations and mobilizes lipid reserves |
| thryoid hormones | if absent during fetal development, nervous system fails to develop->mental retardation; if T4 concentrations decline before puberty, normal skeletal development will not continue |
| insulin | allows passage of glucose and amino acids across plasma membranes |
| PTH and calcitriol | promote absorption of calcium salts for deposition in bone; inadequate levels causes weak and flexible bones |
| reproductive hormones | androgens in males, estrogens in females; stimulate cell growth and differentiation in target tissues, produce gener-related differences in skeletal proportions and secondary sex characteristics |
Created by:
kueeck
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