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Unit 4 Written Study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| General senses | touch, pain, temperature, pressure vibration, proprioception |
| Special senses | hearing, balance, vision, smell, taste |
| Sensory receptors | Specialized cells or multicellular structures that collect information from the environment Stimulate neurons to send impulses along sensory fibers to the brain |
| What are the receptor types? | Chemo receptor, Pain receptors, Thermorecptors, Mechanorecptors, and Photoreceptors |
| Chemo receptor | detects changes in chemical concentration. |
| Pain receptors | detects tissue damage |
| Thermorecptors | detect temperature changes |
| Mechanorecptors | detects mechanical forces (pressure, vibration, twisting, pulling) |
| Photoreceptor | responds to light and light changes |
| The bones of the middle ear | Auditory ossicles Malleus (Hammer) Incus (Anvil) Stapes (Stirrup) |
| Describe Auditory ossicles | 3 tiny bones Vibrate in response to tympanic membrane vibrations; amplify force |
| What are Rods and Cones? | visual receptors located in the retina. |
| Rods | Sensitive to light Long, thin projections; Contain light sensitive pigment called rhodopsin |
| Cones | Sensitive to color Short, blunt projections Contain light sensitive pigments called erythrolabe (red), chlorolabe (green), and cyanolabe (blue) |
| Endocrine Glands | release hormones into bloodstream without a duct that only act on target cells. |
| Exocrine glands | release secretions through a duct or gland that goes to a body surface. They can secrete anywhere but the blood stream |
| Upregulation | Increase in number of receptors on a target cell, in response to a prolong decrease in a hormone level. |
| Downregulation | Decrease in number of receptors on a target cell, due to a prolonged increase in that hormone. |
| What happens to the body in a stressful situation? | The hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system and increases secretion of adrenal hormones |
| stressor | The Factor capable of triggering the hypothalamus to activate the sympathetic nervous system and increase secretion of adrenal hormones |
| Stress | the condition produced in response to stressors |
| Psychological stressor | Danger, personal loss, anger, fear, guilt |
| Physical stressor | Temperature extremes, infection, injury, O2 deficiency |
| Nervous system | releases neurotransmitters into synapses which bind to the other neuron and opens a channel. |
| Endocrine system | secretes hormones into bloodstream that bind to target tissues and creates a response. |
| List the 9 major endocrine glands | Pituitary Hypothalamus Pineal Thyroid Parathyroid Thymus Pancreas Adrenal Gonads (ovaries = women, testes = men) |
| Head endocrine glands | Pituitary Hypothalamus Pineal |
| Neck endocrine glands: | Thyroid Parathyroid |
| Chest endocrine glands: | Thymus |
| Abdominopelvic endocrine glands: | Pancreas Adrenal Gonads (ovaries = women, testes = men) |
| Pituitary Gland | Function: Regulate activities of other endocrine organs. |
| Thyroid Gland | FUNCTION: Regulates metabolism and calcium concentrations. |
| Pituitary Gland Hormones | GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH/ISCH, MSH, Vassopressin, Oxytocin |
| Thyroid Gland Hormones | T4 (thyroxine), speeds up metabolism T3 (triiodothyronine) speeds up metabolism Calcitonin: lower calcium |
| Parathyroid gland | Controls calcium and phosphate concentrations |
| What kind of relationship do Parathormone and Calcitonin have? | antagonistic |
| Parathyroid gland | They secrete 1 hormone, PTH (Parathyroid hormone, also called Parathormone) regulates Ca+2 and PO4-2 concentrations in blood |
| Adrenal Glands (Suprarenal) | Adrenal cortex and Adrenal medulla: |
| Adrenal cortex | Secretes steroid hormones |
| Adrenal medulla | stimulates activities of the adrenal medulla. Secretes amine hormones |
| Adrenal Glands Hormones | Aldosterone, Cortisol,Cortisone, Androgens, Epinephrine (adrenaline), Norepinephrine (noraderenaline) |
| Aldosterone | increase absorption of water and salt |
| Cortisol, Cortisone | increase blood sugar |
| Androgens | male sex hormone |
| Epinephrine (adrenaline), Norepinephrine (noraderenaline | get the body ready for fight of flight |
| Thymus Gland | Stimulates lymphoid cells Secretes lrg # hormones |
| Thymus Gland Hormones | thymosin |
| Thymosin | stimulate T cells to kill cancer and viruses |
| Pancreas | Endocrine/ exocrine gland; Controls blood sugar level |
| Pancreas Hormones | glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin |
| glucagon | raises blood sugar |
| insulin | decreases blood sugar |
| somatostatin | stops the secretion of growth hormone |
| Pineal gland | Sleep cycles Causes change in body temps. Slows down sperm cell maturation |
| Pineal gland Hormone | Melatonin |
| Gonads gland Function | Maturation of sex organs; Hormone production; reproduction |
| Reproductive Hormones | Estrogen, Progesterone, Inhibin, Testoterone |
| Estrogen | thickens uterine lining |
| Progesterone: | prevents over thickening of the uterine lining |
| Testosterone | stimulates sperm development and sex drive |
| Inhibin | increases testosterone |
Created by:
Finah215
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