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Bio CH1-3

TermDefinition
Biology The study of life, focused on inquiry and understanding living organisms.
Cell The smallest unit of life, the basic structural and functional unit in all living things.
DNA Molecule containing hereditary information; composed of genes responsible for reproduction and characteristics.
Homeostasis The process by which living organisms maintain a stable internal environment.
Reproduction The biological process by which new individual organisms are produced.
Mitosis A type of asexual reproduction where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells.
Asexual Reproduction Reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes; occurs in single-celled organisms and some multicellular organisms.
Sexual Reproduction Reproduction involving the combination of genetic material from two parent organisms.
Evolution The process by which species change over time through variations that may increase survival.
Adaptation A characteristic that improves an organism's ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.
Taxonomy The discipline of identifying and classifying organisms into groups such as species, genus, and family.
Species The most specific classification of an organism, consisting of individuals capable of interbreeding.
Kingdom A taxonomic category grouping related phyla; includes Animalia, Plantae, Fungi, and Protista.
Eukarya The domain consisting of organisms with cells that contain a nucleus, including animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
Prokaryote A unicellular organism without a nucleus, such as bacteria and archaea.
Autotroph Organisms that produce their own food through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis.
Heterotroph Organisms that consume other organisms for energy and nutrients.
Matter Anything that takes up space and has mass; composed of atoms and molecules.
Element A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions.
Compound A substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions.
Isotope Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different atomic masses.
Ionic Bond A chemical bond formed between two ions of opposite charges.
Covalent Bond A bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Hydrogen Bond A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and another atom, such as oxygen or nitrogen.
Cohesion The attraction between molecules of the same substance, such as water molecules sticking together.
Surface Tension The cohesive forces at the surface of a liquid that make it difficult to break or penetrate.
pH A measure of how acidic or basic a substance is, ranging from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral.
Acid A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (pH < 7).
Base A substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution (pH > 7).
Buffer A substance that minimizes changes in pH by accepting or donating hydrogen ions.
Atom The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element.
Molecule Two or more atoms bonded together by covalent bonds.
Organelle A specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function (e.g., mitochondria, nucleus).
Tissue A group of cells that work together to perform a common function.
Organ A structure made up of different types of tissues that work together to perform specific tasks in an organism.
Organ System A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions (e.g., digestive system, circulatory system).
Organism An individual living entity that can carry out life functions independently.
Population A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area.
Community All the populations of different species that live and interact in an area.
Ecosystem A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Biosphere The global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships.
Gene A segment of DNA that codes for a protein or a functional RNA.
Genome The complete set of an organism’s genetic material.
Natural Selection The process by which organisms with advantageous traits survive and reproduce more successfully than others.
Hypothesis A testable explanation for a set of observations based on available data and guided by inductive reasoning.
Theory A broad explanation for a wide range of natural phenomena, supported by a large body of evidence.
Law A statement that describes an observable phenomenon in nature that appears to always be true.
Controlled Experiment An experiment where only one variable is changed, while all others are kept constant.
Independent Variable The variable that is deliberately changed or manipulated in an experiment.
Dependent Variable The variable that is measured in an experiment; it responds to changes in the independent variable.
Control Group The group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or change; used as a baseline for comparison.
Experimental Group The group in an experiment that receives the treatment or change.
Electron A negatively charged subatomic particle found outside the nucleus of an atom.
Neutron A subatomic particle with no charge, found in the nucleus of an atom.
Proton A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.
Valence Electrons The electrons in the outermost shell of an atom that are involved in chemical bonding.
Atomic Number The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines the element.
Atomic Mass The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
Electronegativity A measure of an atom’s ability to attract and hold electrons when bonded to another atom.
Ionic Compound A compound formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another, resulting in oppositely charged ions.
Kingdom Protista Unicellular and multicellular organisms some photosynthetic
Kingdom Fungi Heterotrophic plant-like organisms
Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic photosynthetic green plants
Kingdom Animalia Multicellular heterotrophic animals
Created by: jsalsa
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