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APES Unit 4 Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tragedy of Commons | Individuals will use shared/public resources in own self-interest, degrading them |
| Tragedy of Commons Examples | overgrazing, overfishing, pollution, water pollute from rig concentrated in Gulf, and overuse of groundwater |
| Why does TOC happen? | no one owns it so no conseq. of overuse/deplete; assume others will overuse if they don't; no penalty for overuse |
| What is the problem w/ TOC? | overfish = pop. crash (loss of income); air pollution from power plant = asthma + increase healthcare; pesticide runoff = contaminate drinking water |
| How to solve TOC? | private ownership; fees/taxes; charges for pollution |
| What one way com. regulate shared + limited resource to reduce TOC? | divide resource into parcel + assign to individ. |
| Best explain concept of TOC: | fish = shared + as indust. compete resource extraction no longer sustainable; deplete of aquifer |
| Trees = harvest from RF w/o reg. why example of TOC? | Timber producers remove as much as cheap as possible |
| Individual | one org. |
| Population | group of same org. |
| Community | all living in area |
| Ecosystem | both living + nonliving |
| Biome | plants + animal found in given area |
| Why org. interact? | limited resources; share habitat (area where org. live); unique niche (things org. need + do within habitat) |
| Competition | relationship existing between two or more org. fighting for same limited resource |
| INTERspecific competition | competition between DIFFERENT species |
| INTRAspecific competition | competition between SAME species |
| Keystone Species | species that hold eco. together; critical for survival of other species |
| Competition Exclusion | no two org. can occupy same niche at same time if org. very dif. = better fit than other stays if org. same = fight + loser find dif. niche |
| Invasive Species | non-native to eco. where introduced + can cause harm to enviro/health (things from other place brought by human) |
| Resource Partitioning | dif. species use same resource dif. way to reduce comp. |
| Symbiosis | any close + long term interact between two org. of dif. species |
| Mutualism | both benefit ex: coral + algae, bees + flowers |
| Commensalism | one benefit while other neither harmed or benefited ex: tree + spider web |
| Parasitism | one benefit while other harmed ex: parasite + host (no kill host) |
| Five dif. species live in same species of conifer trees. Why dif. species can have habitat in same tree? | resource part. of seed reduce comp. |
| # of egg past threshold # of survival rate offspring decrease. Why only limited can survive in fish pop.? | intraspecific comp. |
| Symbiotic relationship? | intestinal bacteria inhabit gut of human |
| Terrestrial Biome | com. of org. uniquely adapt to live in biome ex: camel + cacti have water preserve trait for desert |
| Nutrient Availability | cold area = low soil nut./water available + few plants live there trophic RF = nut. + poor soil (high temp. + rainfall + rapid decomp. of organic matter) |
| Shifting Biome | biome shift in location on earth as climate changes ex: warming climate shift boreal forest further N as tundra soil melt + lower latitude become too warm |
| Low average rainfall + high temp. yr. around? | Desert |
| Long dry seasons + dominated by shrub, grasses + grazing animals? | Savanna |
| Wet + dry; little seasonal variation in temp. + frequent rain? | Tropical RF |
| Characteristics of Aquatic Biome | Salinity Depth Flow Temp. |
| Salinity | how much water in a body of water; determine which can survive + usability for drinking (fresh vs. estuary vs. ocean) |
| Depth | how much sunlight can go through + reach plants below surface for photosyn. |
| Flow | determine which can survive + how much O2 can dissolve into water |
| Temperature | warm water hold less dissolved O2 = support fewer org. |
| River | high O2 due to mix water + air also carry nutrient-rich sediments |
| Lakes | standing bodies of fresh H2O ( key drinking water source) |
| Wetland | area w/ soil submerged in water for at least part of a yr. |
| Estuary | area where river empty into ocean mix of fresh + salt; high plant growth |
| Intertidal Zone | narrow band of coastline between high + low tides |
| True abt. aquatic biomes? | Freshwater = vital source of drinking water |
| Majority of freshwater? | Glaciers + ice caps |
| Photic zone | area where sunlight can reach |
| Quick Carbon Cycle Steps? Slow steps? | Fossil Fuel Combustion Sedimentation + Burial |
| Major reservoir of Carbon? | Ocean sediments |
| Carbon sink | take in more than release ex: algae + sed. OR plant + soil |
| Carbon source | release more than take in ex: combustion, animal gas + deforest. |
| Photosynthesis | takes CO2 from atmosphere; carbon sink; quick process; step one in cycle |
| Cellular Respiration | release CO2 into atm.; carbon source; quick process; step two in cycle |
| Direct Exchange | CO2 transported directly from atm. to ocean by dissolve in + out of surface water (fifth step in cycle) happens quick + balance level of C between both |
| Ocean Acidification | increase atm. CO2 + increase oceanic CO2 |
| Algae + Photosynthesis | takes CO2 out of atm. + ocean through photosyn. |
| Sedimentation | calcium carbonate precipitates out as sed. + settle on ocean floor |
| Burial | slow, geological process that stores C in underground sinks like sediment rocks or fossil fuels (third step of cycle) |
| Sediment | bits of rock + soil + organic matter |
| Fossil Fuel | created from fossil remains of organic matter; could be coal (plant matter) or oil (plankton matter) |
| Extraction | digging or mining up fossil fuels (fourth step of cycle) |
| Combustion | burning fossil fuels as energy source; release CO2 into atm.; usable for plants(sixth step of cycle) |
| Most directly results in storage of C as coal + oil over mil. of yrs? | Decomposition |
| Difference between N and C reservoirs? | N res. holds it for long time |
| Major res. for Nitro? | atmosphere (N2 exist here = no usable for plants) |
| Which molecules are critical for plants? | Nitro + Phos |
| Nitrogen Fixation | process N2 transform into NH3 (ammonia) or NO3 (nitrate) |
| Biotic Function | N2 convert to NH3 via bacteria w/ help of plant root nodules |
| Abiotic Function | N2 turn to NO3 via lightning |
| Assimilation | plant take in nitrate + ammonia |
| Ammonification | break down biomass into NH3/NH4 |
| Nitrification | convert NH4 to NO2- then NO3- (third step) |
| Denitrification | soil N to atm. N; cycles through abiotic + biotic components |
| Human Impact on N cycle | N2O = greenhouse gas which warm climate |
| Leaching + Eutrophication | synthetic fert. usage lead to NO3 leaching (carried out of soil by water) NO3 runoff into local waters causing algae blooming that block sun + killing other plants |
| Phosphorus Cycle | very slow compared to others; no gas stage (no enter atm.); limiting nutrient; growth = limited by P available |
| Major reservoir for P | sediments |
| Major natural resource of P | weathering of rocks wind/rain break down rock, release PO4(3-) into water, and rainwater carry into nearby soil/water weathering = slow |
| Human resource of P | mine PO4(3-) then add to syn. fert. + detergent/cleaner fert. added to fields causing runoff transport of P into nearby water |
| What creates mini loops inside cycles? | Ass. + excret/decomp for P; ass. + amm. for N; photo + cell for C |
| Geologic Uplift | tectonic plates collision force up rock later that form mountains; cycle starts over w/ weather + release of Po4(3-) from rock |
| Eutrophication | algae bloom covering surface (block sun + kill plants); dies off (bacteria breaks down dead algae use up O2 in water); lowered O2 lvl (dissolved O2) in water kill animals; bacteria use up more O2 to decomp.; makes positive feedback loop |
| Positive Feedback Loop | less O2 = more dead org. = more bacteria decomp. = less O2 |
| How does eutrophication occur? | Fert. runoff or waste contamination |
| Why such small amt. of P that move into aquatic system? | No gas phase = slow movement into aquatic |
| Movement of P between bio. org. + soil is steady state in undistrub. system. Why? | readily available organic phosphorus in the soil is assimilated by plants. |
| Water Cycle | state of matter + where water go are key in cycle; energy from sun drives cycle |
| Major reservoir for water | Oceans |
| What are small res. but contain drinkable water? | Ice caps + groundwater |
| Evaporation | liquid turn to gas |
| Transpiration | drawing up groundwater from roots to leaves |
| Evapotranspiration | amt. of H2O that enter atm from trans. + evap. combined |
| Runoff | rain flows over surface into water (no get absorbed underground) |
| Infiltration | rain flows over surface trickling through soil down into groundwater aquifers |
| What are important freshwater res. for humans and plants? | groundwater (aquifers) + surface water (lakes/rivers) |
| Permeable | able to let water pass through |
| Condensation | vapor create cloud in atm. |
| What changes in water cycle most likely occurs as result in change of vegetation in area? | Increase infiltration |
| Which step of water cycle most affected by concrete + asphalt? | Runoff cause gets increased and would decrease infiltration |
| What are the units for Primary Productivity? | Kcal (energy)/ m2 (area)/ yr (time) |
| Primary Productivity | rate that solar energy converted to organic compound |
| What is the result of high P.P? | high plant growth = lots of food + shelter for animals |
| Respiration | plants use up some energy they generate via photo. by doing cell. |
| Gross Primary Productivity | total amt. of light that plant gets + convert to glucose through photo. (total amt. of solar energy captured by producer through photo.) |
| Net P.P | amt of energy leftover for consumer after plant use for cell. |
| What is the equation to solve for NPP? | NPP = GPP - R |
| What are the most productive land biomes? What are the lest productive? | Most: Swamp + marsh/ trop. RF Least: Tundra/Desert |
| What are the most productive aquatic biomes? What are the lest productive? | Most: Coral Reef/Salt Marshes Least: Open Ocean |
| How does productivity increase in eco.? | Water availability, higher temp., nut. availability |
| What happens when one area has a higher NPP than another? | The higher = lower cell. resp. |
| What is the 10% Rule? | only ~10% of one lvl makes it to the next (remove one zero when going up) |
| Trophic Levels (Bottom to Top) | Producer/Autotroph (plants) Primary Consumer (herbivore) Secondary Consumer (omnivore/carnivore) Tertiary Consumer (one that eats secondary) |
| Does the 10% rule also apply to biomass? | Yes |
| Best way to describe movement of energy? | Energy is harnessed by producer + available energy decrease each lvl transfer |
| Nitro, Fix., Nitrif., and Denitif equations; what exemplifies these equations? | each demonstrate conversion of matter |
| Why no lvl higher than tert.? | Large portion of energy lost as go up |
| Food Chains | one linear path of energy |
| Food Web | multiple chains combined |
| Trophic Cascade | removal or addition of top predator = ripple effect down through lower lvl. Ex: decrease wolf pop. = increase deer pop. = decrease trees |
| Biodiversity | measured by amt. of genetic variation within each species + # of species present |
| What are the three levels of biodiversity? | Ecosystem/Habitat Species Genetic |
| Ecosystem/Habitat diversity | # of dif. habitat available in given area |
| Species diversity | # of dif. species in eco + balance or evenness of pop. sizes of all species in eco. |
| Genetic diversity | how dif. genes are of individ. within pop. |
| What happens when there is high biodiversity? | higher ecosystem/pop. health |
| Species Richness | total # of dif. species found in eco. |
| Species Evenness | measure of how all individ. org. in eco. are balanced between dif. species (indicate if one or more dominant species OR if pop. size balanced |
| What happens when there is more genetic diversity? | better pop. can respond to enviro. stressors (disease/drought) increase chance some individ. have trait allowing to survive stressor |
| Bottleneck Event | enviro. disturb. that drastically reduce pop. size & kills org. regarding genome (set of genes) |
| What happens to a pop. after a bottleneck event? | smaller since died randomly meaning it doesn't represent genetic div. of original pop. |
| Resilience | ability for eco. to return to original condition after major disturb. high (species) diversity = high eco. resilience |
| Which goes first after habitat loss? | Specialists |
| What doe habitat loss and fragmentation lead to? | increase in invasive species |
| Specialist | less adaptable; more likely go extinct; use specific resources; easily affected by changes |
| Biodiversity loss | reduction in # of genes, indvid., org., species, + eco. in given area |
| What influences biodiversity loss? | human pop. growth, increase in consumption of resources, and reduce resource efficiency |
| Aftermath of biodiversity loss? | habitat loss, invasive species, over exploration, pollution, climate change associated w/ global warming |
| What is a statement abt I.t.B is true? | pop. w/ high genetic diversity is better able to respond to stressor |
| How stressor such as fire affect diversity | Eco w/ more species div. more likely recover after disturb. |
| What does a com. with highest diversity look like? | all species have the same number in them |
| Ecosystem Services | goods + services provided by natural eco. that are beneficial to humans |
| Types of Ecosystem Services | Provision Regulate Support Culture |
| Provisioning Services (goods given) | goods provided to humans for sale (ex: fish, hunting animals, and wood) OR goods made from natural resources that eco. provide (ex: paper, med., and rubber) |
| How are provision service disrupted? | Overharvest, water pollution, and clearing land for buildings |
| How do humans disrupt eco. services? | clearing land = removed trees release CO2 (crop fail) overfish = pop. collapse (decrease jobs + decrease sale in future) |
| Regulating Services (tree helping) | eco. process that moderate natural condition like climate/air quality ex: tree store CO2 by photo. = reduce climate change/crop fail + lessen damage cause by increase sea lvl; tree filter air by absorb pollute which reduce healthcost for treat disease |
| How are regulating service disrupted? | deforestation |
| Support Service (bees pollinating) | natural eco. support process we do ourselves, make less costly + easier for us ex: wetland root filter lead to cleaner groundwater no pay much to purify w/ $$ treatment; bees pollinate crops = more production + increase profit |
| How are supporting service disrupted? | pollinator hab. loss + fill in wetland for building |
| Cultural Services (tours) | revenue from recreate activities ( hunt/fish licenses, park fees, tours) & profit from discovery made in eco. (health, edu knowledge) ex: landscape draw tourist to pay, spend $ at rest. or camp fees |
| How are cultural service disrupted? | Deforestation, pollution, + urbanization |
| What is categorized as cultural eco. service of forests? | recreation + scenic areas for tourism |
| What is the result from deforestation of large areas of trophic RF caused by slash-and-burn agri.? | increase global temp. cause release of CO2 |
| Disrupt of eco. service by anthro. activity? | Provision; increase fossil fuels = increase in air pollution |
| Island Biogeography | study of ecolog. relation. + com. structure of islands |
| What are the two rules of I.B.? | Larger islands = more species Closer to mainland = more species |
| Larger islands = more species | higher eco. div.; more "niches" (dif. food available); larger pop. (more genetic diverse + resistant to disturb.); lower extinction rate |
| Distance to mainland | closer = higher species richness; easier for more species to migrate (closer it is); frequent migration = more genetic div. + larger pop. size; |
| What are problems with I.B.? | Generalists (invasive) come; drop in specialists; outcompete specialists; specialist have limited defenses |
| Based on theory, reason that island 5 km away have higher species than one 15 km away? | more species have ability to travel 5 km than 15 km |
| 163km^2 small island 2,000 km from mainland. Second larger 230,000 km^2 1,000 km away. True abt. small island? | Rate of immigration = lower |
| Experience greatest decline of specialist species if invasive emigrate from mainland | Small island close to mainland |
| Ecolog. Range of Tolerance | range of condition such as temp., salinity, pH or sunlight that org. can endure before injury or death results |
| Optimal Range | range where org. survive, grow, and reproduce |
| Zone of physiological stress | range where org. survive, but experience some stress such as infertility, lack of growth, decrease activity, etc. |
| Zone of intolerance | range where org. dies ex: thermal shock, suffocation, lack of water/food/oxygen |
| Applications | applies to species or individ. |
| Little is known abt Africa elusive ardvark.... Best identify claim? | Keystone species |
| Bull trout use bewildering array.... Best identify claim? | Unable to live |
| Scientist at NOAA are forecasting this summer at Gulf of Mexico.... Best identify claim? | Increased rainfall |
| Natural disruption | natural event that disrupts structure or function of eco. ex: tornado, hurricane, asteroid, fire |
| Three types of natural disrupt. time frames: | Periodic Episodic Random |
| Periodic: | occur w/ reg. freq. ex: dry-wet season |
| Episodic: | occasional events w/ irregular freq. ex: hurricane, drought |
| Random: | no reg. freq. ex: eruption, asteroid |
| Natural Climate Change | climate has varied over geologic time for many reasons ex: slight change in orbit cause mini ice age + warmer periods as shift closer/further from sun |
| Enviro. Change = hab, disrupt. | major enviro. disturb. result in widespread hab. change and or loss |
| Migration | wildlife may migrate to new hab. as result of natural disrupt. |
| Event following glacial retreat | primary succession |
| Breeding area in N.A; explanations best support data in map? | animals migrate seasonally to mate |
| Change n seas lvl from cambrian period; describe trends? | lowest sea lvl during Pal. period |
| Adaptations | a new trait that increase org. fitness (ability to survive + reproduce) |
| Natural Selection | org. that are better adapted to their enviro. survive and reproduce more offspring |
| Individ w/ adapt vs. not | with: pass onto offspring without: die off Leads to entire pop. have adapt. over time (evolution) |
| Selective Pressure/Fear | enviro. condition that kill individ. w/o adapt. |
| What happens as environment change? | dif. traits may become adaptations & old ones become disadvantage |
| What happens if an enviro. change too fast? | less likely species will be to adapt to change + might migrate or die off |
| Do bacteria or humans adapt faster? | Bacteria |
| Average beak size of finch on island of Daphne Major in 1976? | 9.5 mm |
| Beak size of finch on Daphne Major graphs; best explain change in size + comp. of finch after drought? | total # decreased; larger more successful |
| Beak size of finch on Daphne Major graphs; # of finch w/ beak size of 10.2 mm in 1978? | 12 |
| What are the two types of succession? | Primary Secondary |
| Primary Succession | start from bare rock in area w/ no previous soil formation analogy: bake from scratch ex: eruption/glacial melt pioneer: moss/lichen (make soil) |
| Secondary Succession | start from already established soil in area where disturb. cleared most of life analogy: bake w/ pre-made dough ex: fire pioneer: shrub |
| Stages of Succession | Pioneer/Early Intermediate/Mid-suc. Climax com./late succession |
| Pioneer Succession | appear first; ground = bare rock/soil after disturb. ex: moss, lichen, grass |
| Intermediate/Mid | appear after pioneer help develop deeper soil w/ more nut. by cycle of growth/death ex: shrub or fast growing tree (pine, aspen) |
| Late Succession/Climax com. | appear last after soil deepened + enriched w/ nut. by cycle of growth/death from other two ex: maple, oak and other large trees |
| # of plants species (eruption) graph; best describe how ecolog. determine eco. approach climax? | record # of producers |
| # of plants species (eruption) graph; when species richness of eco. be lowest? | 1 to 4 yrs after eruption |
| # of plants species (eruption) graph; claim best support by data? | after eruption, pioneer species colonize |
| Bees consume nectar + carry pollen from one to another. Type of symbiotic relationship? | Mutualism |
| Best describe soil in RF? | quick deplete of nut. when forest removed |
| Org. adapted in water w/ wide range of salinity? | Estuary w/ lagoon |
| Example of carbon sink? | Deposit of organic matter on deep ocean floor (ocean sed. greatest reservoir) |
| Anthropogenic | people cause enviro. change |
| Impact of hydroelectric dam... | Salmon pop. prior to constuction |
| Burning FF contribute to net increase... | carbon sequestered underground |
| Highest NPP consist warm temp + abundance sunlight? | Tropical RF |
| Five Islands only differ in distance ... highest species diversity | Island B 50 distance 10^6 |
| Population density | Measure of # individ. org. living in defined area |
| Pop. density equation | pop/area |
| What causes high pop density? | immigration + birth(natality) |
| What causes low pop density? | emigration + death(mortality) |
| Survivorship Curve | line that shows survival rate of a cohort (group of same-aged individ) in a pop from birth to death |
| What are the three types of survivorship curves? | Type I, II, III |
| Type I? Examples? (mostly k-selected) | Late loss + heavy parental care Ex: Humans |
| Type II? Examples? (mixed) | Constant loss + mortality unaffected by age Ex: some birds + rodents (prey) |
| Type III? Examples? (mostly r-selected) | Early loss + produce lots of offspring at once and many die right away Ex: fish + mosquitos |
| Population dispersion | Spatial distribution of org in a pop? |
| What are the versions of pop dispersion? | Random, Uniform/Even, and Clumped |
| Expo growth | pop grow w/o limit Ex: human pop |
| Log growth | pop grow quick at first then lvl off Ex: most natural pop (rabbit or tree) |
| Carry capacity | max # of individ in a pop that an eco can support (based on lim resources) |
| Limit factors | aspect of enviro that lim size pop can reach |
| What could limit factors be? | Biotic (competition) or abiotic (disasters) Density-dependent/independent |
| Density-dependent meaning + examples? | Factors that influence pop growth based on size Ex: comp, predation, disease |
| Density-independent meaning + examples? | regulate growth regardless size/density (every species equally by factors) Ex: weather change, disasters, pollution |
| Specialists | smaller range of tolerance, or narrower ecolog. niche makes them more prone (vulnerable) to extinction |
| Generalists | larger range of tolerance, broader niche makes them less prone to extinction + likely to be invasive |
| What are characteristics of specialists? | narrow niche, less adapt. (special needs), specific resources, easily affected by change, advantage when condition = constant, likely to go extinct |
| What are characteristics of generalists? | broad niche, easily adapt., variety resources, high range of tolerance, advantage when condition = change, less likely to be extinct |
| Trop RF known to have large variety of animals. Why predicted orchid mantis more affected b global warming? | Mantis tend to be advantaged |
| Raccoon eat variety of food. Tiger sal eat abundance of worms. Identify two species | Raccoon general |
| Sal, ospre, snap turtle, and beaver all live in aquatic biome. Classify generalist? | Sal |
| K-selected (quality) | few offspring + heavy parental care Fewer reproductive events (mammals + birds) Long lifespan Large species low BP = low growth rate |
| R-selected (quantity) (invasives) | Many offspring little to no parental care reproduce a lot (insects + fish) Short lifespan high BP = high growth rate (able to be recover from disturb faster) |
| What happens after death of parent in k/r-selected species? | K-selected = death of offspring R-selected = offspring not affected |
| Most likely be invasive if intro into fav new hab? | Oyster |
| Provide external parental care to offspring? | Bobcat |
| Graph best display pop size over time of r-selected just colonized new hab w/ abun. resources? | Expo |
| What is a fast drop in line for curves? | quicker die-off |
| What is a slower drop for curves? | longer avg. lifespan |
| Cycads are gym. that were diverse + abun. during Mesozoic era. Cycads are | K-strat w/ Type I |
| Certain dino laid large # of eggs + hatchlings have high mortality early in life. Best characteristic? | R-strat + Type III |
| Scientist determine species of rep. dino cohort had 20% survivorship. Shape of curve? | slight curve down then slide down |
| Overshoot | when pop briefly exceeds carry cap Ex: deer breed in fall, give birth all at once, sudden spike =overshoot |
| Consequence of overshoot | resource depletion |
| Dieback/off | sharp decrease in pop size when resource depletion (overshoot) lead to many dying Ex: many deer starve due to too many fawn feeding |
| Consequence of dieback | leads to disease |
| Pop of wolves between '75 and '85 | decline following depletion |
| Moose pop from '95 to '97 | plants in area no support |
| Best estimate of carry cap of moose pop? | 1,500 |
| Size (N) | total # of individ in given area at given time Larger = safe from pop decline |
| Density | # of individ/area high density = higher comp |
| Distribution | how individ in pop are spaced out compared to each other Random: trees Uniform: territorial animals Clumped: herd |
| Sex Ratio | ratio of males to females closer to 50/50 more ideal for breeding |
| Biotic Potential (expo growth) | max potential growth rate w/ no lim resources lim resources slow growth + lim pop to carry cap |
| Pop size equation | (immigrate + birth) - (emigrate + death) |
| Percent change equation | ((new - original)/original) x 100 |
| Birth rate equation | (# of birth/total) x 100 |
| Death rate equation | (# of death/total) x 100 |
| Growth rate equation | (pop size/total) x 100 |
| Extreme pyramid cohort shape (stage 1 of transition) | rapid growth |
| Less extreme pyramid cohort shape (stage 2 of transition) | slow + steady growth |
| House cohort shape (stage 3 of transition) | stable little to no growth |
| Narrow at base (stage 4 of transition) | decline pop |
| Most closely associated w/ country that demo age structure? (extreme pyramid) | high TFR |
| Stage 3 of demo transtion | upside down U |
| Pop data for four dif countries (2015) most likely rep. age structure | C |
| Total Fertility Rate (TFR) | avg. # of children a women in a pop will bear throughout lifetime Higher TFR = higher birth rate + pop growth |
| Replacement lvl Fertility | TFR required to offset deaths in a pop + keep pop size stable Higher in less developed countries due to higher IM |
| Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) | # of deaths of children under 1 per 1000 people in pop Higher in less developed due to lack of healthcare and clean water |
| What happens when IMR is high | equals higher TFR due to replacement children |
| Developing VS Developed (TFR) | Developed: above 2.1 Developing: at or below 2.1 (Lower TFR = slower growth) |
| What are factors of IMR decline | access to clean water/healthcare more reliable food supply |
| Development (Affluence) | more developed/wealthy nations have lower TFR than less developed nations |
| How does affluence affect TFR? | more edu access + econ op for women higher access to fam planning edu later age of first preg |
| Gov policy | huge role in fert to coercive (forceful) or noncoercive (encourage) policies |
| How does government policy affect TFR | china former 1 child policy tax incentives to have fewer children |
| Affluence & female education | more access to contraceptives edu/econ op require time leaving less for raising lower IMR = lower TFR more edu = fewer unplanned preg + more job op for women |
| Pop data for four dif countries (2015); TFR of A was 6.8 in 1980 support change in TFR in A 1980 and 2015? | Decreased; delay in age |
| Pop data for four dif countries (2015); achieved replacement lvl | C |
| TFR in 2010; best describe trends in data | more developed |
| Malthusian Theory | earth has human carry cap; growth happens faster than food production; will reach carry cap lim by food |
| Techno Advancement | can alter earth carry cap w/ techo innovation Ex: syn fixation of N in 1918 led to syn fert = increase food supply |
| Growth rate (r) | % increase in pop (usual per yr) |
| Crude Birth/Death Rate | Births and deaths per 1000 people in pop |
| Calculating global pop growth rate | (ICBR - CDRI)/10) Use when given CBR/CDR OR % growth rate |
| Rule of 70 | time it takes (in yrs) for pop to double is = to 70 divided by growth rate |
| Rule of 70 equation | 70/% of growth rate use when ask for double |
| Factors increase pop growth | higher TFR = high birth rate high IMR = increase TFR high immigration lvl increase access to clean water + healthcare (decrease death rate) |
| Factors decrease pop growth | high death rate + IMR increase development (edu + affluence) increase edu for woman delayed age of first child postponement for marriage age |
| Standard of Living | quality of life is like for people of country-based |
| Gross Domestic Product | total value of goods + services produced key indicator of S.o.L per capita GDP = total GDP/total pop |
| Life Expectancy | avg. age a person will live in given country key indicator of S.o.L increase with access to clean water, healthcare, stable food source |
| What does high GDP and life expectancy mean? | both are indicators of development and low pop growth |
| Supply of earth fresh water is fixed + depleted at rapid rate; effects of lim freshwater | world food production |
| change in carry cap of human pop conditions set forth by Mal | carry cap will decrease |
| 1950, country TFR is 5.9, 2010 TFR is 2.3 reason for change in TFR | Women had increased edu |
| Industrialization | process of econ + social transition from farming to indust one |
| What are the four stages of industrialization? | 1. Pre-indust/less developed 2. Industrializing 3. Industrialized 4. Post-industrialized |
| Stage 1: Pre-industrialized | country not made transition very poor (low GDP) high death rate + IMR high TFR cause agri labor (lack of access to edu for woman) |
| What is the main take away for stage 1? | little to no growth due to high CBR + CDR balance each other out |
| Stage 2: Industrializing (Zanzibar) | part way through transition decreasing death rate + IMR (access to clean water, food supply and healthcare) rising GDP High TFR (lack of edu + need child labor + generational lag |
| What are econ/social indicators for Stage 2? | low per capita GDP shorter life-expectancy |
| What is the main take away for stage 2? | Rapid growth due to high CBR + decline CDR |
| Stage 3: Industrialized (Montenegro) | very low DR + IMR very high GDP low TFR (more edu op for woman, delay age of age of marriage + child) |
| What are econ/social indicators for Stage 3? | high per cap long life-expectancy low IM all kids were able to go to school |
| What is the main take away for stage 3? | Slowing growth rate as CBR drops closer to CDR |
| Stage 4: Post-industrialized (South Korea/USA) | TFR decline further due to increased wealth + edu CBR drops lower that CDR & growth go negative (pop decline) quality OVER quantity |
| What are econ/social indicators for Stage 4? | very high per cap longest life-expectancy |
| Characteristic support claim that A is more developed and B less developed | IMR |
| Birth rate 35/1000 death rate 13/1000 | stage 2 of demo transition |
| birth rate + death rate high many children in workforce | stage 1 |
| Average pop growth from year 4-7 in rabbit pop? | 338 |
| Which best identify reproductive strategy of harbor seals? | K-selected |
| Characteristic most closely associated w/ country that demo age structure diagram show? | High TFR |
| True or False: reproductive strategy is the same as survivorship? | False |
| What is a watershed? | Area of land that drains streams + rainfalls into reservoirs |
| What counts as a watershed? | Lakes, Rivers, and Streams |
| What are the characteristics of a watershed? | Area, Length, Slope, Soil, Vegetation, and Adjoining Watersheds |
| How can area define a watershed? | how much space it covers |
| How can length define a watershed? | how far the source + final location of drainage |
| How can slope define a watershed? | topography of watershed |
| How can soil define a watershed? | amt. of sand or clay |
| How can vegetation define a watershed? | determine amt./type of runoff |
| How can adjoining watersheds define a watershed? | where sheds drain into |
| Bonus facts about watersheds: | determined by slope (ridge of land divide shed (dif. runoff direct.)) veg, soil comp, slope play big role in how shed drain |
| What happens when there is more veg? | more infil + groundwater recharge |
| What happens when there is a greater slope? | faster velocity of runoff + more soil erosion |
| What does soil perm. determine? | runoff vs. infil. rates |
| Human acts impact water quality? | agri. clearcut, urban, dams, and mines |
| What is the Chesapeake Bay watershed made of? | mix of fresh + salt water + nut. sed make est. hab (salt marsh) highly productive |
| What eco services do est + wetland provide? | Tourism rev - hotel + rest. Habitat for food source Water fil (root trap pollute) Storm protect (absorb floods) |
| What does nut. pollution lead to in the bay? | Eutrophication |
| What are major n/p pollutants on the bay? | syn fert. animal waste discharge from sewage treatment plans |
| What are other pollutants on the bay? | endocrine disruptors Sed pollute (increase turbidity (very cloudy water (darker = hotter = less O2)) |
| What are the effects of clearcutting on shed? | soil erosion increased soil + stream temp |
| How is soil erosion an effect of clearcutting? | loss of stable root structure remove soil organ matter + nut from forest deposit sed into local streams |
| How is increased soil and stream temp an effect of clearcutting? | loss of tree shade (increase soil temp) loss of tree shade along rivers + streams OR erosion of sed into river warms them |
| Hoover Dam is largest dam in US, built on Colorado River. Downstream enviro effect? | damming of colorado river |
| Best describe why understand shed + boundaries important in design house ? | Surface water + stormwater runoff |
| Include in shed map to determine non-point source of pollutant? | Land use upstream of river |
| How does soil form? | Parent material is weathered, transported and deposited |
| Parent material | original rock that were broken down to form basis of soil |
| Soil | mix of geo (rock) + organic (living) components: Sand/slit/clay water + air live org hummus nut |
| Hummus | main organic part of soil (broken down biomass like leaves dead animals, and waste) |
| What type of nutrients are in soil? | NH3 PO4 NO3 |
| How do plants help soil? | anchors roots of plants + provide water, shelter, and nut (N, P, K, Mg) for growth |
| How does water help soil? | filters rain + runoff by trap pollutants in pore spaces + roots Clean water enters groundwater + aquifers |
| Nut recycling | home to decomp that break down dead organic matter + return nut to soil |
| How does habitat help soil? | provide habitat for org like worm, fungi, bacteria, moles and slugs |
| What does soil formation look like from below? | weather of parent produce very small frag making up geo/inor part of soil (sand, slit, clay + minerals) |
| What does soil formation look like from above? | breakdown of org matter add hummus to soil Erosion deposits soil part from other areas adding to soil |
| Effects on soil formation | Parent: soil pH + nut content Topo: steep slope = too much ero; more lvl ground = deposition Climate: warmer = faster breakdown; more rain = more weather, ero, + dep Organism: soil org (bacteria fungi worm) breakdown organic matter |
| Weathering (soil terms) | breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces physical(rain) bio (roots crack rocks) chem (acid rain) Weather = soil form broken into very small + carried away + dep by erosion |
| Erosion (soil terms) | transport of weather rock frag by wind + rain Carried to new location + deposit |
| Different soil horizons/levels (top to bottom) | O A B C |
| O-horizon | layer of org matter on top of soil most org layer locks in moisture for deeper layers |
| A-horizon | Topsoil layer of hummus + mineral from parent most biolog layer (worm break down matter to release nut) nut recycling |
| B-horizon | Subsoil made of mineral w/ little to no org matter highest mineral content |
| C-horizon | Least weather soil closest to parent sometimes called bedrock |
| Soil degradation | loos of ability of soil to support plant growth |
| Loss of Topsoil | tilting (turn soil for agri) + loss of veg disturb soil + more easy eroded Dries out soil, remove nut + soil org that recycle nut |
| Compaction | compression of soil by machines, grazing livestock + humans reduces ability to hold moisture Dry soil erode more easily + support less growth/root structure + lead to more erosion |
| Nut depletion | repeatedly grow crop on same soil remove key nut over time reduce ability to grow future crops |
| Students want to determine impact of erosion from development of new housing.....control variable? | sample of water downstream of northern |
| Students want to determine impact of erosion from development of new housing......dependent variable? | density |
| Students want to determine impact of erosion from development of new housing....explain variable best to determine direct impact of erosion? | turbidity |
| What is the rock portion of the soil made up of? (biggest to smallest) | sand silt clay |
| Soil Texture/composition | % of sand, silt, and clay in soil ALWAYS add up to 100 |
| Pore | empty spaces between particles = allow air + water enter more easily (bigger the particle = easier it enters) |
| Porosity | amt of pore space soil has |
| What happens when there is more sand in the soil? | more porous/higher porosity (easier to enter) |
| What happens when there is more clay in the soil? | less porous/higher porosity (harder to enter) |
| Loam | 40-40-20 sand silt clay |
| Clay lines | straight across |
| Silt lines | right to left diagonal |
| Sand lines | left to right diagonal |
| H2O holding cap | how well water is held by soil |
| What is the relationship between porosity + perm? | Positive more porous = more perm |
| What is the relationship between porosity + h2o hold cap? | inverse more porous = lower hold cap |
| What happens when the soil is too sandy/perm? | drains water too quick for roots + dries out |
| What happens with clay soil? | no let water drain to roots or waterlog (suffocate them) |
| What is the ideal soil for most plant growth? | Loam (balance porosity/drainage w/ hold cap) |
| What are the three categories that soil is tested in? | Physical Chemical Biological |
| How is soil tested the chemical way? | nitrogen - nitrate phosphorus - phosphate potassium - potash pH - acidity |
| How is soil tested the physical way? | soil comp (determine amount of particle affect percolation + infil) |
| Percolation | movement of water into ground |
| Infiltration (soil) | movement of ions/chemicals through percolation |
| How is soil tested the biological way? | Living org can determine health of soil |
| Which soil to use to contain something? | Clay |
| Which soil to use to filter through? | Sand |
| How perm is sandy loam? | Very |
| An enviro engineer wants to examine perm of dif soil to determine best natural contain system...........independent variable? | Sample of material |
| An enviro engineer wants to examine perm of dif soil to determine best natural contain system........why choose to calc perm of soil......to protect groundwater? | Low perm = soil trap pollute |
| Students sample several dif garden near school + measure percent......sample more prone to waterlog? | D |
| Altitude + temp of layers graph; characteristics of atm between strat & trop? | Ozone |
| Characterize one of layers | D is thermo |
| Layer of atm short wave radio signals be reflected | thermo |
| Gases of atm. | n = 78% o = 21% argon = 0 .93% vapor = 0 - 4% co2 = 0.04% |
| Layers of earth (closest to farthest) | Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere |
| Exosphere | outermost layer earth merge w/ space |
| Thermosphere | hottest temp absorb rays/radiation northern lights |
| Mesosphere | middle |
| Stratosphere | second to closest ozone = good |
| Troposphere | most atm gas molecules found here ozone = bad |
| Temp Gradient | layers are based on where temp gradient change w/ distance from surface |
| Which have increased temp? | Thermo + Strato |
| Which have decreased temp? | Tropo + Meso |
| Biome found @ 30 degrees N/S | Deserts |
| Source of energy driving circulation pattern labeled C | solar radiation |
| Causes air to rise high into atm | warm moist air |
| How is the atm held to global wind patterns ? | gravity |
| What happens when the earth rotates? | air circulates |
| what does heating + cooling change the density of? | air as move through convection |
| Convection | warm air rises, cools, + expands cooling + expanding air spreads out cool dry air sinks back down @ 30 N/S (deserts = lack of moist) |
| Air Properties | warm air rises rising air expands + cools warm air holds more moisture than cold cool air can't hold as much vapor after cooling + expanding air sinks |
| Coriolis Effect | deflection of objects moving in straight line due to rotation |
| How does Coriolis Effect work?? | Wind between 0 - 30 degrees move e to w cause earth spin w to e 30 - 60 move w to e |
| Relative position on December 21 on given yr; true statement? | Cancer = shorter day + lower solar rad |
| Area receive most intense solar rad at time of yr | Capricorn |
| Describe season + length of day @ Cancer | daylight less than 12 hr/day |
| Insolation | amt of radiation reaching an area measured in W/m2 |
| What leads to season | tilt of earth |
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eli_satoe
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