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Rhodes Chapter 2

The Geosphere

TermDefinition
crust the brittle, rocky outer layer of Earth
oceanic crust the crust under oceans
continental crust the crust on land
mantle the thick middle layer in the solid part of Earth
lithosphere the rigid outermost layer of Earth that includes the uppermost mantle and crust
asthenosphere the solid layer of Earth's mantle that is so hot it behaves like a plastic material
convection currents the cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking
core the dense metallic center of Earth
rock a naturally occurring solid composed of minerals, rock fragments, and sometimes other materials such as organic matter
grains the individual particles in a rock
magma molten or liquid rock underground
lava molten rock that erupts onto Earth's surface
texture for rocks, grain size and how the grains are arranged
sediment rock and mineral fragments that are loose or suspended in water
lithification the process through which sediment turns into rock
rock cycle the series of processes that continually change one type of rock into another
extrusive rock the igneous rock that forms when lava cools and crystallizes on Earth's surface
intrusive rock igneous rock that forms as magma cools underground
uplift the process that moves large amounts of rock up to Earth's surface and to higher elevations
deposition the process of laying down sediment in a new location
compaction the weight of overlying layers of sediment pushes the grains of the bottom layers closer together
cementation when dissolved minerals crystallize, they hold the grains of the rock together
igneous rock a type of rock that forms when magma or lava cools and hardens to become solid
sedimentary rock a type of rock that forms when small particles of rocks or the remains of plants and animals are pressed and cemented together
metamorphic rock a type of rock that forms when an existing rock is changed by heat, pressure, or chemical reactions
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